雅思写作方法之段落发展列举法

 　　一般到个别的基本框架是：

　　Topic sentence (main idea)

　　Explanation/detail 1

　　Explanation/detail 2

　　Explanation/detail 3

　　1、2、3 之间又按照:

　　The most general------the least general

　　The most common------the least common

　　The most popular------the least popular

　　对于在课堂教学中的使用，教师可以做具体的演示。如讨论是什么因素导致了交通堵塞。课上brainstorming¹后得到以下论据：

　　1.over-population

　　2.too many cars

　　3.insufficient² roads

　　4.unreasonable³ design of infrastructure⁴

　　5.people’s awareness⁵

　　6.driving offenders⁶

　　7.police

　　8.rules and regulations

　　要使用列举的方式，可以将上述论据进行分类，前四点可作为客观原因，5、6两条可作为主观原因，最后两条可以作为政府的宏观管理问题。组织方式如下：

　　Topic sentence: There are several factors causing traffic jams.

　　Explanation 1: The leading contributor is overpopulation, which leads to too many carsavailable even though more roads have been constructed. The situation will be worse if theinfrastructure is not reasonably designed.

　　Explanation 2: Apart from these objective reasons, part of the blame should be laid onpeople’s awareness. There are many driving offenders either because they are drunk or they donot think it important to keep to the traffic rules and regulations.

　　Explanation 3: Besides, the police’s supervision⁷ also plays an essential role. If they do notmanage well, traffic jams are more likely to occur.

　　列举的方法尤其有利于初学写作的考生模仿和借鉴，它不失为一种快速成文的有效途径。本文由在线英语听力室整理编辑。

1 brainstorming   

献计献策,合力攻关

参考例句：

• With Brainstorming, treat the view on how to solve the problem rightly. 利用脑激励法(Brainstorming)，正确对待学生实验中的问题解决观。
• We are going to do some brainstorming soon. 我们很快就要做些脑力激荡。

2 insufficient   

adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的

参考例句：

• There was insufficient evidence to convict him.没有足够证据给他定罪。
• In their day scientific knowledge was insufficient to settle the matter.在他们的时代，科学知识还不能足以解决这些问题。

3 unreasonable   

adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的

参考例句：

• I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
• They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。

4 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

5 awareness   

n.意识，觉悟，懂事，明智

参考例句：

• There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
• Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。

6 offenders   

n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物）

参考例句：

• Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders. 判处长期徒刑可对违法者起到强有力的威慑作用。
• Purposeful work is an important part of the regime for young offenders. 使从事有意义的劳动是管理少年犯的重要方法。

7 supervision   

n.监督，管理

参考例句：

• The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
• The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。