托福考试常见句型

 　　一、英语句子结构的原则

　　1、谓动单一性原则 在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。

　　2、主句单一性原则 在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)

　　二、三大从句

　　1、名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句

　　引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)

　　结构 主语从句

　　what+VO=n. for eg.

　　what+SV=n. What you said is right.

　　形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do 

　　that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

　　That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs¹ is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)

　　**形式主语和强调句的区别

　　形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

　　n.=it

　　强调句 It is/was + A + that + B

　　SVO=A+B

　　而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句

　　同位语从句

　　同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2

　　S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

　　前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

　　The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

　　可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

　　**同位语和定语从句的区别

　　同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

　　The fact, that the sun is round.

　　定语从句中，引导词充当成分。

　　The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。

　　Example

　　It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.

　　人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。

　　**如何找出复杂句中的谓语?

　　先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。

　　2、形容词性从句=定语从句

　　引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)

　　(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)

　　结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

　　This is pig that/which is very fat.

　　(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

　　因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语

　　This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)

　　This is the pig from which I make fun.

　　引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词

　　This is the pig,which is very fast

　　This is the pig, (which)I ate.

　　This is the pig, from which I make fun.

　　(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.

　　The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

　　This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。

　　**具体分析举例

　　In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

　　看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….

　　因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

　　**形容词性从句的省略

　　当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。

　　This is the pig that/which I ate.

　　This is the pig I ate.

　　当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。

　　The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

　　The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

　　**个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。

　　As the plates drifted, they may have diverged², which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged³, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.

　　**系表倒装

　　主系表结构 变成 表系主 结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时

　　1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

　　In Jilin province lies my hometown.

　　2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

　　Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

　　3、副词性从句 =状语从句引导词 when/though/while/although……

　　结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

　　When he was young, Jack⁴ was always beaten by his father.

　　省略的条件 s’=S v’=be

　　省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

　　省略 Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic⁵ to the parasite⁶, may inhibit⁷ some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic⁸ relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate⁹ enzymes¹⁰ the degrade cell walls.

1 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 diverged   

分开( diverge的过去式和过去分词 )； 偏离； 分歧； 分道扬镳

参考例句：

• Who knows when we'll meet again? 不知几时咱们能再见面！
• At what time do you get up? 你几时起床？

3 converged   

v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的过去式 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集

参考例句：

• Thousands of supporters converged on London for the rally. 成千上万的支持者从四面八方汇聚伦敦举行集会。
• People converged on the political meeting from all parts of the city. 人们从城市的四面八方涌向这次政治集会。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 jack   

n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克

参考例句：

• I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
• He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。

5 toxic   

adj.有毒的，因中毒引起的

参考例句：

• The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
• There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。

6 parasite   

n.寄生虫；寄生菌；食客

参考例句：

• The lazy man was a parasite on his family.那懒汉是家里的寄生虫。
• I don't want to be a parasite.I must earn my own way in life.我不想做寄生虫，我要自己养活自己。

7 inhibit   

vt.阻止，妨碍，抑制

参考例句：

• Don't let ego and greed inhibit clear thinking and hard work.不要让自我和贪婪妨碍清晰的思维和刻苦的工作。
• They passed a law to inhibit people from parking in the street.他们通过一项法令以阻止人们在街上停车。

8 parasitic   

adj.寄生的

参考例句：

• Will global warming mean the spread of tropical parasitic diseases?全球变暖是否意味着热带寄生虫病会蔓延呢？
• By definition,this way of life is parasitic.从其含义来说，这是种寄生虫的生活方式。

9 inactivate   

v.使…不活跃

参考例句：

• We put bacteria in an environment at low temperature to inactivate them.我们将细菌置於低温的环境中使之失去活性。
• Food processing destroys some nutrients,but can also inactivate toxins and increase the availability of other nutrients.食物加工破坏一些营养物质，但也可以灭活毒素，并增加其他营养物质的可用性。

10 enzymes   

n. 酶，酵素

参考例句：

• It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
• Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。