雅思写作中因果关系表达的干货总结

 　　雅思大作文中有一类题目是因果关系类，具体包括三小类：cause and effect、cause and solution、problem and solution。这三小类问题也可以穿起来，即针对某个topic的cause—effect (即problem) – solution。

　　无论哪种题目，写明因果关系很重要。关于因果关系的表达同学们都很熟悉，无非是BS(because / so)，而且大家也一定很清楚的知道BS在英语中，用了前者就不能用后者的道理。例如：

　　ü Because further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, an increasing number of people have degrees.

　　ü Further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, so an increasing number of people have degrees.

　　但是除了BS之外，还有很多其它表示因果关系的表达，具体如下：

　　Because系列(表原因)：

　　1. because of : because后接的是一个句子(主谓宾);because of 后一般直接跟名词。例如：

　　ü Because of the increasing number of machine—and as we noted¹ before, machines magnify human effort—then anyone using a machine can get a higher wage than anyone not using a machine.

　　2. as / since (除了“因为“外，还有”自从”的意思，使用时要注意避免歧义)ü Hours spent on commuting², traffic jams, and fights for parking should diminish, since workers make fewer journeys or work staggered hours.

　　ü Unfortunately, as the number of people living in the city increases, so do the different problems associated with population growth. (注意此句中的so不表示“所以”，而是“…也…”的意思)3. thanks to(positive situations通常适用于结果好的时候)ü Thanks to new technology, it's easier than ever to work remotely.

　　due to (negative situations通常使用与结果不好的时候)owing to / attributable to /on account of.

　　ü Due to /… / On account of extreme weather conditions, damage to property occurs.

　　4. 当原因需要的表达较多时，我们还可以把以上表达改写为原因状语从句，使用thanks to the fact that / due to the fact that /owing to the fact that 或者on the grounds that ,,,ü Will we live longer merely due to the fact that / on the grounds that technology, if implemented³ properly, will take stress away from our lives5. caused by / result from 也表原因ü Many car accidents were resulted from / caused by a lack of guardrailsSo系列(表结果)：

　　1. thus/ therefore / thereby⁴ / hence

　　thus：表示‘in this/that way’

　　As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas.

　　therefore：表示 ‘for this reason’ /‘because of this or that’

　　ü Therefore, the influence of the peer group is important both for one’s own competence⁵ and for the relative evaluation⁶ of the process itself, given that one sees oneself in relation to others.

　　thereby: by that means, as a result of thatü In some countries, reduced budgets have led to the elimination⁷ of busing systems, thereby increasing the use of cars and the congestion⁸ they create.

　　hence: 表示 ‘from this/that’

　　ü Drinking lots of water is healthy and reducing plastic waste is great for the environment. Hence, trendy reusable water bottles that you can refill yourself are health-promoting, eco-friendly, and green.

　　2. As a result / As a consequence

　　ü As a result, those people who were indoors had much lighter⁹ skin, which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.

　　ü As a consequence, environmental health must address the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease.

　　3. consequently / accordingly

　　Consequently更偏重因果逻辑;accordingly更偏重后续解决ü Water pollution affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world. This consequently harms human health and the natural environment.

　　ü Some of the laws were contradictory¹⁰. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.

　　Cause系列(表结果)：

　　1. cause(v.) 引起

　　ü The amount of garbage produced by the people also increases which causes sanitary¹¹ landfills to fill up faster.

　　2. lead to / result in导致

　　注意这里是result in, 后跟结果，前面提到的result from后面跟的是原因。

　　ü The society’s attitude to food often leads to over-consumption.

　　3. bring about: to cause to take place 引起，带来(注意使用时更倾向于“带来“这个意思)ü The internet technologies that have brought about so much social change were scarcely imaginable just decades before they appeared.

　　4. spark off 引发、引爆 ，具体指引发比较严重的后果、冲突等(=trigger / activate)，或指”点燃“(=inspire)ü Spark off a series of problems / a chain of events related to…ü They can spark off each other's talentsaffect系列(影响到)1. Affect / influence

　　ü More likely than not, getting a vehicle from point "A" to point "B" involves combustion¹² of a fossil fuel, a process that emits gasses and affects the environment and the ozone¹³ layer.

　　ü People's behavior is influenced by circumstances and events, friends and family, education, job prospects¹⁴, income, housing and environment.

　　2. impact on 对…产生影响 (impact 一般做名词使用，也可以作为动词)ü Over the last few decades, there has been a tremendous growth in information technology, which can impact on our everyday life.

　　3. give rise to 使发生

　　ü The decrease inthe number of bicycles and cars might give rise to anothernew set of problems.

　　名词系列(因果)

　　1. cause (of sth.) / reason 原因

　　ü Obesity¹⁵ can be divided into three main causes – diet, lifestyle and education.

　　ü Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons.

　　2. result (for sth.) / effect 结果

　　ü This is a difficult problem with many serious effects on the individual and country.

　　ü Another result is lack of self-esteem.

　　3. causality 因果关系 (cause and effect) causation 原因ü The correlation¹⁶ between population and housing price does not indicated causality, only the association. 这里的causality也可以换成： causal effect (因果效应)ü Such a causality-driven, prevention-focused approach to homicide and other serious crime would revolutionize our conception of criminal justice, moving from the imposition of “just deserts” to the enlightened pursuit of a less violent society.

　　4. impact/ influence 影响

　　ü This area is often overlooked but has a tremendous impact on your lifeü Friends have a big influence on the way that we use social media—from unwritten rules to buying decisions and so much more.

　　形容词系列(因果)表示因果的形容词不是很常用，使用时多和factor, element 结合1. causal 原因的，因果的ü Low income and elderly are among the potential causal factors of prevalence of obesity among adults.

　　2. consequential¹⁷ 结果的，随之发生的

　　ü Measures other than ratings will prove more consequential.

　　3. influential¹⁸ 影响的，有影响力的(大多数情况下使用第二个意思)Family is the most influential factor on happiness.

　　如果能够准确无误的使用以上因果关系表达，就完成了二段修炼。当然，有输入才能有输出，建议大家还是要多看多写多练。

 

1 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

2 commuting   

交换（的）

参考例句：

• I used the commuting time to read and answer my mail. 我利用上下班在汽车中的时间来阅读和答复给我的函电。
• Noncommuting objects are as real to the mathematicians as commuting objects. 对于数学家来说，不可交换的对象与可交换的对象是一样真实的。

3 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

4 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。

5 competence   

n.能力，胜任，称职

参考例句：

• This mess is a poor reflection on his competence.这种混乱情况说明他难当此任。
• These are matters within the competence of the court.这些是法院权限以内的事。

6 evaluation   

n.估价，评价；赋值

参考例句：

• I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
• The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。

7 elimination   

n.排除，消除，消灭

参考例句：

• Their elimination from the competition was a great surprise.他们在比赛中遭到淘汰是个很大的意外。
• I was eliminated from the 400 metres in the semi-finals.我在400米半决赛中被淘汰。

8 congestion   

n.阻塞，消化不良

参考例句：

• The congestion in the city gets even worse during the summer.夏天城市交通阻塞尤为严重。
• Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.在学校附近泊车会引起严重的交通堵塞。

9 lighter   

n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级

参考例句：

• The portrait was touched up so as to make it lighter.这张画经过润色，色调明朗了一些。
• The lighter works off the car battery.引燃器利用汽车蓄电池打火。

10 contradictory   

adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立

参考例句：

• The argument is internally contradictory.论据本身自相矛盾。
• What he said was self-contradictory.他讲话前后不符。

11 sanitary   

adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的

参考例句：

• It's not sanitary to let flies come near food.让苍蝇接近食物是不卫生的。
• The sanitary conditions in this restaurant are abominable.这家饭馆的卫生状况糟透了。

12 combustion   

n.燃烧；氧化；骚动

参考例句：

• We might be tempted to think of combustion.我们也许会联想到氧化。
• The smoke formed by their combustion is negligible.由它燃烧所生成的烟是可忽略的。

13 ozone   

n.臭氧，新鲜空气

参考例句：

• The ozone layer is a protective layer around the planet Earth.臭氧层是地球的保护层。
• The capacity of ozone can adjust according of requirement.臭氧的产量可根据需要或调节。

14 prospects   

n.希望，前途(恒为复数)

参考例句：

• There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
• They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。

15 obesity   

n.肥胖，肥大

参考例句：

• One effect of overeating may be obesity.吃得过多能导致肥胖。
• Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。

16 correlation   

n.相互关系，相关，关连

参考例句：

• The second group of measurements had a high correlation with the first.第二组测量数据与第一组高度相关。
• A high correlation exists in America between education and economic position.教育和经济地位在美国有极密切的关系。

17 consequential   

adj.作为结果的，间接的；重要的

参考例句：

• She was injured and suffered a consequential loss of earnings.她受了伤因而收入受损。
• This new transformation is at least as consequential as that one was.这一新的转变至少和那次一样重要。

18 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。