雅思写作：巧妙转述题目的官方指南

 　　雅思小作文首段的任务就是改写题目，看似简单，但不是所有烤鸭们都有清晰的思路。“天下武功，唯快不破。” 考场上一定要能够迅速改写小作文题目，速度提升的关键就思路清晰，总结自官方指南的paraphrasing¹ 秘籍速来领取!

　　# 招数1 “这个表格”替换 (主语)

　　具体化：什么表格?(反之亦然，题目说具体表格类型，改写时可换成简称)

　　The graph below -- The bar chart / The line chart / The pie chart

　　The graph and table – the data / the information (对于信息形式多样的表格可以直接概括为data数据或information信息)

　　Gives information 适合的情况下还可以替换为illustrate² the performance of

　　…gives information about Southland’s main exports -- …illustrates³ the performance of Southland’s primary exports

　　也可以把表格数量具体化： the pie charts – the two pie charts，另外，the 也可以换为this

　　# 招数2 “展示了”替换 (动词)

　　shows – illustrates / demonstrates 或compares 或gives information / provides infromation

　　除了常见的shows, illustrates, demonstrates这些同义表达的相互替换外，范文中经常会使用compares 或gives information 来表达。

　　# 招数3 关键词替换

　　1. yearly/ annual …– …over the year / per year年均

　　Example: yearly rainfall – amount of rainfall over the year

　　the average number of hours of sunshine per year-- annual hours of sunshine

　　2. percentage – proportion 比例

　　3. male and female -- men and women 男性和女性

　　4. 职业类型 – who从句

　　Example: academic staff members across the faculties⁴ -- who taught in seven different faculties (academic staff：教职人员, 就是”who taught …”的意思)

　　5. typical – average “典型的”和“平均的”往往可以互换，比如“平均降雨量”

　　6. household – home 家庭的

　　Example: in a typical Australian household –in an average Australian home

　　7. be consumed – be used 被消耗的/使用的

　　8. the proportion of – where …is used

　　Example: the proportion of energy consumed -- where energy is used

　　9. by age range – of different ages 按不同年龄

　　10. give money to charity – donate(v.) / make donation (n.) 捐款

　　11. the changes that have taken place at … --…development …的发展

　　12. main exports -- primary exports 主要的

　　# 招数4 “项目“替换

　　具体化：类别A，类别B and 类别C – 3个类别(反之亦然，题目说类别个数，改写时可换成具体类别名称)

　　in Moscow and San Francisco -- in two cities

　　in three major cities -- in London, New York and Sydney

　　# 招数5 “动作“具体化

　　how a solar powered water pump works -- how a solar powered water pump is used to supply water for a village. (把work这个动词在该写时根据图表具体化为”被用来供水“)

　　# 招数6“数据“具体化

　　in 2003 and 2013 – in the years 2003 and 2013 (具体化“年“)

　　the online shopping sales -- the percentages of online sales (具体化数据类型：百分比)

　　# 招数7 时间表达

　　1. 时间段表达

　　from 2003 to 2012 – during the period 2003-2012

　　2. 将来时间

　　当题目中出现对于将来数据的预测时，可以用projection⁵, prediction 来表达，另外，注意细节段落时态要转换为将来时。

　　in 2000, *20…, and future projections⁶ for 2025

　　# 招数8 词性转换+ 句型转换

　　the changes that took place in three different areas of crime in Newport city centre -- how crime rates altered in Newport inner city

　　以上例子中，changes是名词，可以说the changes that took place in…/ the changes of ...(使用的句式是定语从句或of 结构“…的“)

　　改写之后的alter也表“变化“是动词形式，句型也有the change that…/ of… 变成了how…V+ed (宾语从句)

　　把以上招数按照顺序融会贯通，小作文题目改写大法就练成了，让我们来看一看红蓝OG中的具体题目以及改写。

　　The graph below shows the percentage of male and female academic staff members across the faculties of a major university in 2012 (practice test 2, blue version)

　　Sample Answer:

　　The bar chart shows the proportion of men and women who taught in seven different faculties of a particular university in 2012.

　　The pie chart below shows where energy is used in a typical Australian household, and the table shows the amount of electricity used according to the number of occupants. (practice test 4, blue version)

　　Sample Answer:

　　The pie chart illustrates the proportion of energy consumed by different appliances in an average Australian home.

1 paraphrasing   

v.释义，意译( paraphrase的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• I'm paraphrasing but this is honestly what he said. 我是在转述，但这的确是他说的意思。 来自柯林斯例句

2 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

3 illustrates   

给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明

参考例句：

• This historical novel illustrates the breaking up of feudal society in microcosm. 这部历史小说是走向崩溃的封建社会的缩影。
• Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience which illustrates this. 阿尔弗莱德 - 阿德勒是一位著名的医生，他有过可以说明这点的经历。 来自中级百科部分

4 faculties   

n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院

参考例句：

• Although he's ninety, his mental faculties remain unimpaired. 他虽年届九旬，但头脑仍然清晰。
• All your faculties have come into play in your work. 在你的工作中，你的全部才能已起到了作用。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 projection   

n.发射，计划，突出部分

参考例句：

• Projection takes place with a minimum of awareness or conscious control.投射在最少的知觉或意识控制下发生。
• The projection of increases in number of house-holds is correct.对户数增加的推算是正确的。

6 projections   

预测( projection的名词复数 )； 投影； 投掷； 突起物

参考例句：

• Their sales projections are a total thumbsuck. 他们的销售量预测纯属估计。
• The council has revised its projections of funding requirements upwards. 地方议会调高了对资金需求的预测。