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VOA慢速英语2011--Space Junk Threatens Earth’s Orbital E

时间:2011-09-20 06:22:29

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SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Space Junk Threatens Earth’s Orbital Environment

JIM TEDDER1: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, in VOA Special English. I’m Jim Tedder.
KATHERINE COLE: And I’m Katherine Cole. Today, we tell about an ever increasing number of objects in low Earth orbit. We mark the twentieth anniversary of the launching of the Hubble Space Telescope. We also tell how islands off the coast of North Carolina help to protect the rest of North America from destructive storms.
(MUSIC)
JIM TEDDER: A camera, a glove, a hand tool, even a toothbrush…they are all up there, above the clouds, going around and around the Earth. There are also thousands of pieces of metal and plastic. Some of them are only about the size of a fingernail. Many are much larger. Scientists consider all these objects to be “space junk,” and they are a problem.
Since people first launched rockets into space in the nineteen-fifties, we have been leaving behind all sorts of things. Some of them, like the camera, were lost by astronauts while they did work outside their spacecraft. But much of the space junk is made up of little pieces of things that were once bigger objects, until they struck each other and broke apart.
KATHERINE COLE: Some things we send into space fall back toward Earth and burn up in the atmosphere. But larger pieces sometimes survive the extreme heat and hit the ground or the ocean at great speeds. So there is always concern that something may fall from the sky and do some harm.
But space junk falling on housetops is not the biggest worry. Scientists are concerned about the “Kessler” syndrome2. It is named for the American scientist who first thought of the idea in nineteen seventy-eight. Imagine what happens when an empty rocket strikes another while orbiting the earth. Two big things become many smaller things. They then hit other things. The pieces get smaller and smaller until they form a cloud of junk that blocks the path of future space vehicles.
JIM TEDDER: So what can be done to clean up the space around our planet? Marco Castronuovo, an Italian Space Agency researcher, has an idea. In the publication “Acta Astronautica,” he writes about launching a satellite into space that would get very close to some of the larger pieces of space junk. The satellite would connect a small rocket to the useless object. When the rocket explodes, it pushes the junk into a lower and slower orbit, nearer the Earth. After a time, the junk burns up in the atmosphere.
Mr. Castronuovo has proposed using a number of small satellites with robotic arms. One arm would catch the space junk, and another arm would connect the rocket. He imagines that each satellite would jump from one large piece of junk to another. He thinks this method could destroy about ten large objects each year.
Scientists have been concerned about space junk for many years. Right now, the costs of the clean-up have been too great. Mr. Castronuovo says his system could be put in place for a much more reasonable amount of money.
(MUSIC)
KATHERINE COLE: The Hubble Space Telescope continues to make valuable discoveries after more than twenty years in orbit around Earth. Hubble recently showed a fourth moon orbiting Pluto3. Astronomers5 temporarily named it P4. The moon is the smallest to be discovered around the icy dwarf6 planet.
Astronomers estimate that the moon is from thirteen to thirty-four kilometers across. They first saw it in a Hubble photo taken on June twenty-eighth.
The American space agency launched the Hubble Space Telescope in nineteen ninety. Reaching that day took years of work. Ed Weiler is the space agency’s chief astronomer4.
ED WEILER: “The Hubble, when it was launched, represented an increase in capability7 of other telescopes on the ground by a factor of ten. The last time in human history in astronomy that we leaped a factor of ten, in one step, was when Galileo stopped using his eye and put the first telescope to his eye.”
JIM TEDDER: Nancy Grace Roman was the space agency's first chief of astronomy. She led the effort that led to the creation of the Hubble Space Telescope.
NANCY GRACE ROMAN: “Astronomers had been wanting to get observations from above the atmosphere for a long time. Looking through the atmosphere is somewhat like looking through a piece of old, stained glass. The glass has defects in it, so the image is blurred8 from that.”
The Hubble telescope orbits about five hundred fifty kilometers above Earth. Ms. Roman still remembers the first images that it captured.
NANCY GRACE ROMAN: “I think the image that to me was most striking was the center of a globular cluster. You could see each star individually, and see their color, and it was just a fantastic sight.”
The Hubble Space Telescope has helped expand our knowledge of the universe. It helped scientists estimate that the universe began about fourteen billion years ago. Ed Weiler says the telescope also confirmed the existence of black holes. These are extremely dense9 masses believed to exist at the center of most galaxies10. Their gravitational pull is so strong, they absorb light.
The Hubble Space Telescope completed its one millionth scientific observation in July. The space agency is building a new space telescope to look even deeper into the beginnings of the universe.
(MUSIC)
KATHERINE COLE: On a large map of the United States, it looks almost like a mistake. But if you look closely enough you will see a number of small islands stretching into the Atlantic Ocean. The island chain is about three hundred twenty kilometers in length, and stretches mostly in a north to south direction.
This area is known as the Outer Banks of North Carolina. It is a land of “firsts.” The first English settlers landed nearby on Roanoke Island in the late fifteen hundreds. This is where Virginia Dare was born. She was the first English child born in North America.
Three hundred years later, Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the first airplane with a motor at a place called Kill Devil Hills. And many, many times the Outer Banks has been the first place that large ocean storms … hurricanes … have begun their destruction.
JIM TEDDER: The Outer Banks are known as barrier islands. They are nothing more than long thin strips of sand that are separated from the mainland. To the right of the Outer Banks is the Atlantic Ocean. To the left are large waterways called sounds. In some places, the land is less than a kilometer wide, with water on both sides.
Because the Outer Banks stick so far out into the ocean, they are a windy place where storms often occur. Last month, Hurricane Irene moved through the Caribbean Sea and turned northward11. The next land it touched was near Cape12 Lookout13 at the southern end of the Outer Banks. Over the next few days, the storm killed people, ruined homes and businesses, and flooded large parts of eastern North America.
KATHERINE COLE: Many scientists say that if Irene had not hit the Outer Banks first, the damage could have been worse for areas to the north. The Outer Banks was badly damaged. The main road near Cape Hatteras was washed away in at least two places, leaving many people unable to travel.
Hurricanes always do some damage to the Outer Banks. But this long, thin chain of sand also helps to take a lot of destructive energy out of the storms. When a hurricane hits land, it begins to lose strength since it no longer has the warm, wet air that it needs.
JIM TEDDER: Atlantic hurricanes often form far out at sea. Many begin as small storms off the west coast of Africa. As they move across the water, they move in a circle. They receive energy as they travel over warm water that has a temperature of at least twenty-six degrees Centigrade.
Scientists say a hurricane is like an engine that uses warm, wet air for fuel. Some hurricanes run out of warm water and fall apart at sea. Others continue to circle, getting stronger, and causing winds of nearly two hundred kilometers an hour as they hit land.
KATHERINE COLE: Powerful storms have always been a part of the history of the Outer Banks. In fifteen eighty-six, the first English settlers in America were frightened by a terrible storm that lasted four days. Their leader, Sir Francis Drake, saw the hurricane destroy a number of his ships. In eighteen forty-six, a huge storm washed completely over the land and formed inlets … large openings between the sea and the sound.
Hurricanes have been known to hit the Outer Banks from May to December. But most of them arrive in August, September, and October. There is an old saying about the Outer Banks. “If you don’t like the weather, just wait ten minutes.”
(MUSIC)
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Jim Tedder and June Simms, who was also our producer. I’m Katherine Cole.
JIM TEDDER: And I’m Jim Tedder. Listen again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 tedder 2833afc4f8252d8dc9f8cd73b24db55d     
n.(干草)翻晒者,翻晒机
参考例句:
  • Jim Tedder has more. 吉姆?特德将给我们做更多的介绍。 来自互联网
  • Jim Tedder tells us more. 吉姆?泰德给我们带来更详细的报道。 来自互联网
2 syndrome uqBwu     
n.综合病症;并存特性
参考例句:
  • The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. 该研究所表示,引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。
  • Results indicated that 11 fetuses had Down syndrome. 结果表明有11个胎儿患有唐氏综合征。
3 Pluto wu0yF     
n.冥王星
参考例句:
  • Pluto is the furthest planet from the sun.冥王星是离太阳最远的行星。
  • Pluto has an elliptic orbit.冥王星的轨道是椭圆形的。
4 astronomer DOEyh     
n.天文学家
参考例句:
  • A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
  • He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
5 astronomers 569155f16962e086bd7de77deceefcbd     
n.天文学者,天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪,为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》
6 dwarf EkjzH     
n.矮子,侏儒,矮小的动植物;vt.使…矮小
参考例句:
  • The dwarf's long arms were not proportional to his height.那侏儒的长臂与他的身高不成比例。
  • The dwarf shrugged his shoulders and shook his head. 矮子耸耸肩膀,摇摇头。
7 capability JsGzZ     
n.能力;才能;(pl)可发展的能力或特性等
参考例句:
  • She has the capability to become a very fine actress.她有潜力成为杰出演员。
  • Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.组织整个部门是他能力以外的事。
8 blurred blurred     
v.(使)变模糊( blur的过去式和过去分词 );(使)难以区分;模模糊糊;迷离
参考例句:
  • She suffered from dizziness and blurred vision. 她饱受头晕目眩之苦。
  • Their lazy, blurred voices fell pleasantly on his ears. 他们那种慢吞吞、含糊不清的声音在他听起来却很悦耳。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 dense aONzX     
a.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的
参考例句:
  • The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
  • The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。
10 galaxies fa8833b92b82bcb88ee3b3d7644caf77     
星系( galaxy的名词复数 ); 银河系; 一群(杰出或著名的人物)
参考例句:
  • Quasars are the highly energetic cores of distant galaxies. 类星体是遥远星系的极为活跃的核心体。
  • We still don't know how many galaxies there are in the universe. 我们还不知道宇宙中有多少个星系。
11 northward YHexe     
adv.向北;n.北方的地区
参考例句:
  • He pointed his boat northward.他将船驶向北方。
  • I would have a chance to head northward quickly.我就很快有机会去北方了。
12 cape ITEy6     
n.海角,岬;披肩,短披风
参考例句:
  • I long for a trip to the Cape of Good Hope.我渴望到好望角去旅行。
  • She was wearing a cape over her dress.她在外套上披着一件披肩。
13 lookout w0sxT     
n.注意,前途,瞭望台
参考例句:
  • You can see everything around from the lookout.从了望台上你可以看清周围的一切。
  • It's a bad lookout for the company if interest rates don't come down.如果利率降不下来,公司的前景可就不妙了。

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