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SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - FIRST AID: How to Help When Someone Is

时间:2006-03-09 16:00:00

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SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - FIRST AID: How to Help When Someone Is Sick or Injured
By Nancy Steinbach

Broadcast: Tuesday, July 12, 2005

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, in VOA Special English. I'm Barbara Klein.

VOICE TWO:

 
A man injured in the bombings in London's public transport system on July 7. In any situation, it is important to know the basics of what to do before medical help arrives. 
And I'm Doug Johnson. On our program this week, we tell about some emergency medical treatments known commonly as first aid.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

First aid is the kind of medical care given to a victim of an accident or sudden injury before trained medial help can arrive. First aid treatments are generally easy to carry out. They can be taught to people of all ages. Learning them is important. Knowing how to treat someone in an emergency can mean the difference between life and death.

VOICE TWO:

Each year, thousands of people die after eating or drinking poisonous substances. Experts say most accidental poisonings take place in or near the home. Most poisonings result from substances commonly used at home. They include medicines, insect poisons or cleaning liquids.

Signs of poisoning include a sudden feeling of pain or sickness, burns in or near the mouth, or an unusual smell coming from the mouth. Health experts generally advise poison victims to drink water or milk. They say, however, to never give liquids to someone who is not awake or to those having a violent reaction to the poison.

Next, seek help from a medical expert. Save material expelled2 from the mouth for doctors to examine. Save the container of the suspected poison to answer questions doctors may have. The container may also describe the substance that halts the effects of the poison. Use this substance without delay.

VOICE ONE:

In the past, medical experts told people to get the poison victim to expel1 all the material from the stomach, or vomit3. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggested the use of a substance called ipecac syrup4 to do this. But the experts changed their advice in two thousand three because of a lack of evidence that vomiting5 helps people who eat or drink a poisonous substance. They now say do not use ipecac or anything else to get the victim to vomit.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Many emergency medical methods are simple and easy to carry out. For example, several years ago, a five-year old boy in the American state of Massachusetts was playing with a young friend. Suddenly the friend stopped breathing. A piece of candy was stuck in her throat.

The boy remembered a television program where the same thing had happened. He also remembered what people did on the program to help the person who had stopped breathing.

The boy quickly used the same method on his friend. The candy flew out of the girl's throat. She was breathing again. The young boy had saved his friend's life.

VOICE ONE:

The five-year-old boy used a simple method called the Heimlich maneuver6. An American doctor, Henry Heimlich, developed the method.

The Heimlich maneuver can be done in several ways. If a choking victim is sitting or standing7, you should stand directly behind him or her. Put your arms around the victim's waist.

Make one of your hands into the shape of a ball, and place it over the top part of the stomach, below the ribs8. Next, place the other hand on top of it and push in and upward sharply9. Repeat the motion until the object is expelled.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

A first aid method called cardiopulmonary resuscitation10, or CPR, can save the victims of heart attacks, drowning or shock. These people are suffering from what is called cardiac arrest. Their hearts have stopped beating.

CPR is designed to increase the natural working of a person's heart and lungs. Expert say it greatly increases the chances that a heart attack victim will survive.

If you see a victim of cardiac arrest, first position the victim's head and neck so that the air passages are open and not blocked. If the person is not breathing, start a method called mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Restrict the flow of air through the victim's nose as you place your mouth over the victim's mouth. Blow into the victim's lungs. The first two such breaths should continue for about one and a half seconds each.

VOICE ONE:

If there is no heartbeat, attempt to restart the victim's heart by pushing down on the person's chest. Place one hand over the other, and push firmly on the victim's breastbone. Push down about five centimeters at a rate of about eighty to one hundred times each minute.

If you are working alone, you must do both jobs. Breathe two times into the victim's mouth for every fifteen times you push down on the chest.

The American Medical Association says that only people trained to perform CPR should do it. Experts say it is important for people to get this training from local hospitals or the International Red Cross.

In the United States, CPR training includes the use of a protective cloth, or mask, over the mouth. This helps to prevent disease from spreading during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Several trainers tell people not to perform mouth-to-mouth on some victims. They say do it only if you are sure the person is not suffering from AIDS or a disease such as hepatitis or tuberculosis11. They also may say only perform mouth-to-mouth on a stranger if you have a CPR mask with you.

VOICE TWO:

Another emergency treatment for a heart problem is a computer-like device called an automatic external defibrillator. Defibrillators treat an irregular heartbeat that can cause sudden cardiac death. These devices usually provide directions for their use, and now can be found in many airports or public places. Defibrillators should be used only on people more than eight years old. Most CPR training now includes guidance in the use of the devices.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Medical experts say even the smallest cut in the skin permits bacteria to enter the body. So they urge correct treatment for all wounds. If the bleeding is not serious, the wound should be cleaned with soap and water. Then, cover the wound with a clean cloth, gauze or other kind of material.

 
An injured Iraqi is taken to a hospital in Irbil after a bombing in May
If the bleeding does not stop quickly or the wound is large, put pressure directly on it. Place a clean cloth on the wound and hold it firmly in place. A hand may be used if a cloth cannot immediately be found.

If the bleeding still does not stop, push the supplying blood vessel12 against a nearby bone. This still may not stop all the bleeding. So, also put pressure directly on the wound.

Two places on each side of the body often are useful in this kind of situation. These places are called pressure points. If an arm or hand is bleeding, the pressure point is on the inner part of the upper arm, between the elbow and the shoulder. Bleeding from a leg wound can be slowed by pressure to the blood vessel at the front, inner part of the upper leg.

VOICE TWO:

If an arm or leg is seriously damaged, a device called a tourniquet13 may be used to stop the bleeding. It should be used only when bleeding threatens the victim's life.

A tourniquet can be made with any flat material about fifty millimeters wide. It could be a piece of cloth or a belt. However, a rope or wire should never be used because they can damage the skin.

Place the material around the arm or leg, between the wound and the body, and tie the ends together. Place a stick in the tied knot. Turn the stick slowly until the flow of blood stops. The stick can be held in place by another piece of cloth. A tourniquet can be left in place for one to two hours without causing damage.

VOICE ONE:

If the wound is thought to be infected, let the victim rest. Physical activity can spread the infection. Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives. Add nine and one half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.

Place a clean cloth in the mixture. Then, remove the extra water from the cloth and put it on the wound. Be careful not to burn the skin.

People with no medical education can perform the first aid methods described in this program. But experts say some training is desirable. This will help make sure the methods are performed safely and effectively.

Groups such as the Red Cross or the Red Crescent teach First Aid skills in many parts of the world. To learn more, talk with health experts in your area.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Nancy Steinbach. Cynthia Kirk was our producer. I'm Doug Johnson.

VOICE ONE:

And I'm Barbara Klein. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 expel hhDzd     
vt.把...开除,驱逐,放逐,排出,喷出
参考例句:
  • They were told at first that they should simply expel the refugees.一开始有人告诉他们应该直接将那些难民驱逐出境。
  • The headmaster may expel the boy from the school.校长可能要把那个男孩从学校开除。
2 expelled 7a860966115182402ed06375cf0a22af     
驱逐( expel的过去式和过去分词 ); 赶走; 把…除名; 排出
参考例句:
  • She was expelled from school at 15. 她15岁时被学校开除了。
  • After the outbreak of fighting,all foreign journalists were expelled. 战斗开始后,所有的外国记者都被驱逐出境。
3 vomit TL9zV     
v.呕吐,作呕;n.呕吐物,吐出物
参考例句:
  • They gave her salty water to make her vomit.他们给她喝盐水好让她吐出来。
  • She was stricken by pain and began to vomit.她感到一阵疼痛,开始呕吐起来。
4 syrup hguzup     
n.糖浆,糖水
参考例句:
  • I skimmed the foam from the boiling syrup.我撇去了煮沸糖浆上的泡沫。
  • Tinned fruit usually has a lot of syrup with it.罐头水果通常都有许多糖浆。
5 vomiting 7ed7266d85c55ba00ffa41473cf6744f     
参考例句:
  • Symptoms include diarrhoea and vomiting. 症状有腹泻和呕吐。
  • Especially when I feel seasick, I can't stand watching someone else vomiting." 尤其晕船的时候,看不得人家呕。”
6 maneuver Q7szu     
n.策略[pl.]演习;v.(巧妙)控制;用策略
参考例句:
  • All the fighters landed safely on the airport after the military maneuver.在军事演习后,所有战斗机都安全降落在机场上。
  • I did get her attention with this maneuver.我用这个策略确实引起了她的注意。
7 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
8 ribs 24fc137444401001077773555802b280     
n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 );(船或屋顶等的)肋拱;肋骨状的东西;(织物的)凸条花纹
参考例句:
  • He suffered cracked ribs and bruising. 他断了肋骨还有挫伤。
  • Make a small incision below the ribs. 在肋骨下方切开一个小口。
9 sharply UiRziL     
adj.锐利地,急速;adv.严厉地,鲜明地
参考例句:
  • The plane dived sharply and rose again.飞机猛然俯冲而后又拉了起来。
  • Demand for personal computers has risen sharply.对个人电脑的需求急剧增长。
10 resuscitation hWhxC     
n.复活
参考例句:
  • Despite attempts at resuscitation,Mr Lynch died a week later in hospital.虽经全力抢救,但林奇先生一周以后还是在医院去世了。
  • We gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and heart massage.我们对他进行了口对口复苏救治和心脏按摩。
11 tuberculosis bprym     
n.结核病,肺结核
参考例句:
  • People used to go to special health spring to recover from tuberculosis.人们常去温泉疗养胜地治疗肺结核。
  • Tuberculosis is a curable disease.肺结核是一种可治愈的病。
12 vessel 4L1zi     
n.船舶;容器,器皿;管,导管,血管
参考例句:
  • The vessel is fully loaded with cargo for Shanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。
  • You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。
13 tourniquet fnYwf     
n.止血器,绞压器,驱血带
参考例句:
  • Twist the tourniquet tighter.把止血带扎紧点。
  • The tourniquet should occlude venous and lymphatic return.止血带应阻断静脉及淋巴回流。

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