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经济学人141:癌症与肥胖

时间：2014-01-15 03:43:57

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（单词翻译）

 　　Sicience and technology

　　科学和技术
　　Cancer and obesity1
　　癌症与肥胖
　　Malignant2 flab
　　恶性松弛
　　At last, an understanding of how overeating causes cancer
　　吃得过多如何导致癌症
　　OVERWEIGHT women are more likely to develop breast cancer than lean ones.
　　超重的女人相比偏瘦的女人更容易得乳癌。
　　Why has been a mystery.
　　原因一直以来都是个迷。
　　But it is now less mysterious thanks to the work of Kevin Gardner, a researcher at America's National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.
　　但由于马里兰州美国国家癌症协会研究院KG研究员为此做出的努力，现在并没有之前那么神秘了。
　　Dr Gardner and his colleagues have found that processing calories affects the activity of BRCA1, a gene3 that encodes a well-known tumour4-suppression protein.
　　KG博士和他的同事们发现合成卡路里的过程会影响BRCA1基因的活性，该基因为一种著名的抗肿瘤蛋白质编码。
　　Mutations of this gene are strong predictors of breast and ovarian cancer—so strong that the gene's DNA6 sequence is the subject of litigation in America about whether natural gene sequences can be patented, and thus the market in tests for these mutations cornered.
　　BRCA1基因的突变是乳癌和卵巢癌的强烈预报器---如此强烈以至于在美国，常常就有关自然基因序列是否可以申请专利这样的问题发生诉讼，因此测试这些突变的市场被垄断了。
　　Dr Gardner's discovery is that a substance called C-terminal binding7 protein helps regulate BRCA1.
　　KG博士发现了一种能够调节BRCA1基因的蛋白质CtBP。
　　Since the activity of CtBP is, itself, governed by the processing of calorie-rich molecules9, the more of those molecules the body processes, the more at risk of cancer it becomes.
　　因为CtBP蛋白质本身由加工富含卡路里的分子的过程控制着，所以身体处理越多的这类分子，患癌症的风险就越大。
　　Previous work has shown that CtBP senses the amount of energy in a cell by binding to a small molecule8 called NADH.
　　之前的工作表明，CtBP蛋白质通过结合一种叫做NADH的小分子来感知每个细胞中的总能量。
　　This chemical is a by-product10 of metabolism11, and cells that are processing an excessive amount of energy for storage have a superabundance of it compared with the amount of a related molecule called NAD+.
　　这种化学物质是新陈代谢的副产物，并且那些处理并存储过剩能量的细胞拥有过剩的NADH分子，
　　As the ratio of NAD+ to NADH falls, CtBP combines with NADH.
　　和与之有关叫做NAD+的分子比起来。
　　This changes CtBP's shape and enables it to form complexes with several other proteins.
　　这改变了CtBP的形状并使之形成一种带有其他蛋白质的联合体。
　　These complexes control the activity of DNA by shutting off certain genes12.
　　这些联合体通过切断某些基因控制DNA活动。
　　Dr Gardner and his team report in the latest issue of Nature Structural13 & Molecular14 Biology that one of the genes so controlled is BRCA1.
　　KG博士和他的团队在最新一期的《自然结构和分子生物》上宣称，其中这么被控制的基因中就有BRCA1。
　　The protein encoded by BRCA1 is involved in DNA repair.
　　被BRCA1基因编码的蛋白质与DNA修复有关。
　　Cells that lack a working version of it gradually accumulate genetic15 changes.
　　缺乏它的一个工作版本的细胞们渐渐引起了基因的改变。
　　Though most of these changes either have little impact or will lead to the cell's death, some may promote the formation or progression of tumours16.
　　尽管多数改变要么影响不大，要么会导致细胞死亡，但有些可能会刺激肿瘤的形成或恶化。
　　A low NAD+/NADH ratio, according to Dr Gardner's work, has a similar effect to a BRCA1 mutation5.
　　据KG博士的研究工作，低水平的NAD+/NADH对BRCA1突变会产生类似作用。
　　It leads to less DNA repair and more mutations.
　　这导致了DNA修复的减少却增加了基因的突变的可能性。
　　That, unfortunately, combines with another effect of too much fat, which is that it stimulates17 the production of oestrogen by cells that are involved in the storage of fat.
　　不幸的是，这和另外一个过多摄入脂肪的影响就结合起来，过多摄入脂肪通过那些储存脂肪的细胞会刺激雌激素的产生。更多的雌激素意味着荷尔蒙细胞增殖—这是一种非常敏感的组织—包括乳房和卵巢。
　　More oestrogen means more cell proliferation in hormone-sensitive tissues—a category that includes the breasts and the ovaries. Therefore, just when those cells are being told to undergo the error-prone process of replication and division and need their DNA-repair system most, CtBP slashes18 that system to ribbons.
　　因此，当这些细胞被通知经历可能会出错的复制和分裂过程并需要他们的DNA修复系统时，CtBP就会将此系统破坏。
　　Though this is the first clear link between calorie intake19 and cancer that has been seen at the molecular level, Dr Gardner says his result is consistent with numerous past experiments.
　　尽管这是摄入热量和癌症之间联系的首次清晰描述，该联系是在分子水平下被发现的，但KG博士说，他的研究结果与之前的大量实验一致。
　　For example, breast tumours are more aggressive and less genetically20 stable in heavily fed mice than in animals confined to a calorie-restricted diet.
　　例如，与那些吃热量受限制食物的老鼠相比，不加限制的老鼠的乳房肿块更恶性且基因更不稳定。
　　So, along with all the other reasons to keep trim, there is a new one: it may help to keep you free of cancer.
　　因此，和其他保持苗条的所有理由一道，今天多了一条：保持苗条有助于远离癌症。
　　1.obesity n.肥胖；肥大
　　Obesity is a problem for many people in western countries.
　　西方国家很多人都有过度肥胖的问题。
　　2.malignant a.有恶意的；恶性的
　　This is a kind of very malignant tumor21.
　　这是一种很恶性的肿瘤。
　　3.breast n.乳房；胸脯
　　The little baby can take nourishment22 from the breast.
　　小婴儿可以从乳房中吸取营养。
　　4.institute n.学院；学会
　　New methods of teaching foreign languages are adopted in this institute.
　　该学院采用新的外语教学法。
　　5.tumour n.肿瘤
　　A benign23 tumour will not cause you any fatal harm.
　　良性肿瘤不会对你有致命的伤害。

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1 obesity Dv1ya     
n.肥胖，肥大
参考例句：
  • One effect of overeating may be obesity.吃得过多能导致肥胖。
  • Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。
2 malignant Z89zY     
adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的
参考例句：
  • Alexander got a malignant slander.亚历山大受到恶意的诽谤。
  • He started to his feet with a malignant glance at Winston.他爬了起来，不高兴地看了温斯顿一眼。
3 gene WgKxx     
n.遗传因子，基因
参考例句：
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
4 tumour tumour     
n.(tumor)(肿)瘤，肿块
参考例句：
  • The surgeons operated on her for a tumour.外科医生为她施行了肿瘤切除手术。
  • The tumour constricts the nerves.肿瘤压迫神经。
5 mutation t1PyM     
n.变化，变异，转变
参考例句：
  • People who have this mutation need less sleep than others.有这种突变的人需要的睡眠比其他人少。
  • So far the discussion has centered entirely around mutation in the strict sense.到目前为止，严格来讲，讨论完全集中于围绕突变问题上。
6 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句：
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
7 binding 2yEzWb     
有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的
参考例句：
  • The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
8 molecule Y6Tzn     
n.分子，克分子
参考例句：
  • A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
  • This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。
9 molecules 187c25e49d45ad10b2f266c1fa7a8d49     
分子( molecule的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
  • Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。
10 by-product nSayP     
n.副产品，附带产生的结果
参考例句：
  • Freedom is the by-product of economic surplus.自由是经济盈余的副产品。
  • The raw material for the tyre is a by-product of petrol refining.制造轮胎的原材料是提炼汽油时产生的一种副产品。
11 metabolism 171zC     
n.新陈代谢
参考例句：
  • After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食，卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
  • All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。
12 genes 01914f8eac35d7e14afa065217edd8c0     
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
13 structural itXw5     
adj.构造的，组织的，建筑（用）的
参考例句：
  • The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
14 molecular mE9xh     
adj.分子的；克分子的
参考例句：
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。
15 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的，遗传学的
参考例句：
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
16 tumours 6654305f758b5b5576a74cb007e8d079     
肿瘤( tumour的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • Blood vessels develop abnormally in cancer tumours. 在癌肿瘤中血管出现不正常。
  • This apparatus scans patients' brains for tumours. 这台仪器扫描检查病人的脑瘤。
17 stimulates 7384b1562fa5973e17b0984305c09f3e     
v.刺激( stimulate的第三人称单数 )；激励；使兴奋；起兴奋作用，起刺激作用，起促进作用
参考例句：
  • Exercise stimulates the body. 运动促进身体健康。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Alcohol stimulates the action of the heart. 酒刺激心脏的活动。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
18 slashes 56bb1b94ee9e9eea535fc173e91c6ee0     
n.（用刀等）砍( slash的名词复数 )；（长而窄的）伤口；斜杠；撒尿v.挥砍( slash的第三人称单数 )；鞭打；割破；削减
参考例句：
  • They report substantial slashes in this year's defense outlays. 他们报道今年度国防经费的大量削减。 来自辞典例句
  • Inmates suffered injuries ranging from stab wounds and slashes to head trauma. 囚犯们有的被刺伤，有的被砍伤，而有的头部首创，伤势不一而足。 来自互联网
19 intake 44cyQ     
n.吸入，纳入；进气口，入口
参考例句：
  • Reduce your salt intake.减少盐的摄入量。
  • There was a horrified intake of breath from every child.所有的孩子都害怕地倒抽了一口凉气。
20 genetically Lgixo     
adv.遗传上
参考例句：
  • All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
  • Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物
21 tumor fKxzm     
n.（肿）瘤，肿块(英)tumour
参考例句：
  • He was died of a malignant tumor.他死于恶性肿瘤。
  • The surgeons irradiated the tumor.外科医生用X射线照射那个肿瘤。
22 nourishment Ovvyi     
n.食物，营养品；营养情况
参考例句：
  • Lack of proper nourishment reduces their power to resist disease.营养不良降低了他们抵抗疾病的能力。
  • He ventured that plants draw part of their nourishment from the air.他大胆提出植物从空气中吸收部分养分的观点。
23 benign 2t2zw     
adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的
参考例句：
  • The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。
  • Martha is a benign old lady.玛莎是个仁慈的老妇人。

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