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SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - So You Want to Make Your Mother Proud? Becoming a DoctorBy Jerilyn Watson

Broadcast: Tuesday, November 28, 2006

VOICE ONE:

This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Bob Doughty1.

VOICE TWO:

And I'm Barbara Klein. On our program this week, we look at how people become medical doctors in the United States.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:


University of Massachusetts medical students study a body

The United States has more than one hundred twenty medical colleges. The American Association of Medical Colleges says these schools have about seventy thousand students.

How hard is it to get into one of the top medical schools, like for example the one at Yale University in Connecticut? Last year almost three thousand seven hundred students hoped to get accepted there. Only one hundred seventy-six -- or less than five percent -- were admitted.

More and more of the students getting accepted to medical schools are women. In fact, at Yale, those one hundred seventy-six first-year students included more women than men.

VOICE TWO:

People who want to become medical doctors often study large amounts of biology, chemistry and other science. Some students work for a year or two in a medical or research job before they try to get accepted to medical school.

Most people apply to more than one school. Some apply to as many as ten.

The Association of American Medical Colleges is changing the Medical College Admission Test, or MCAT. Starting in January, the MCAT will be offered as a computerized exam only -- no more paper-and-pencil test. The exam is given throughout North America and also in countries around the world.

The number of test dates will increase from two a year to twenty-two. And beginning in two thousand seven, the number of questions on the MCAT will be reduced by about one-third. So will the permitted testing time.

Students may take the MCAT exam up to three times a year.

VOICE ONE:

A medical education can be very costly2, especially at a private school. One year at a private medical college can cost forty thousand dollars or more. The average at a public medical school is more than fifteen thousand dollars.

Most students have to take out loans to pay for medical school. Many finish their education heavily in debt.

Doctors are among the highest paid professionals in the United States. Specialists in big cities are generally the highest paid. But there are also doctors who earn considerably3 less, including those in poor communities.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Medical students spend their first two years in classroom study. They learn about the body and all of its systems. And they begin studying diseases -- how to recognize and treat them.

Some students say the first year is the most difficult. They have to remember lots of information -- like the name of every bone in the body.

By the third year, students -- guided by experienced doctors -- begin working with patients in hospitals. As the students watch and learn, they think about the kind of medicine they would like to practice as doctors.

During the fourth year, students begin applying to hospital programs for the additional training they will need after medical school. Competition for a residency at a top hospital can be fierce.

VOICE ONE:

Medical residents treat patients under the supervision4 of professors and other experienced doctors.

Most states require a person to complete at least one year of medical residency before taking examinations to work as a doctor.

Doctors-in-training are usually called interns5 during their first year of residency.

Medical residents get experience in different kinds of care. Interns, for example, may work with children one month. Then the next month they may be in the operating room. How long a residency lasts depends on the chosen area of medicine.

There are many specialties6. Some people become cardiologists and care for the heart. Others become oncologists and treat cancer patients. Still others become pediatricians and take care of children. And some doctors go into medical research, either at a university or a biotechnology company.

But whatever they choose, first they need training. Some doctors spend up to ten years serving in hospitals before they are fully7 trained in a specialty8. Surgeons, for example, spend many years performing operations as residents.

VOICE TWO:

A doctor in Chicago, Illinois, remembers that before his internship9, he wanted to work in crisis medicine. But he lost that interest after he interned10 in a hospital emergency room.

He saw many patients who needed help immediately -- like accident victims and victims of gunshot wounds. One of the things he likes about the specialty he chose, surgery, is that he usually has more time to decide how to help his patients.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Medical residents do not get paid very much and have traditionally been expected to work long hours without much sleep. A young family doctor in the state of Virginia says she learned a lot as a resident. But she says she might have learned even more if she had not been so tired.

In nineteen ninety-nine, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies published a report on medical mistakes in American hospitals. The report said preventable errors resulted in at least forty-four thousand and perhaps as many as ninety-eight thousand deaths each year.

In two thousand four, the New England Journal of Medicine published two government-financed studies of serious errors made by interns.

The researchers found that the error rates in two intensive-care departments decreased when interns worked fewer hours. The interns made fewer mistakes when they had to prescribe medicines and identify conditions.

VOICE TWO:

Some residents, however, say they need extended time with patients to observe changes in their condition. And some say residents need to work as much as they can so they can become good doctors.

But in two thousand three, the Accreditation11 Council for Graduate Medical Education reduced the hours that residents may work. The council supervises the training of residents. Some residents were spending one hundred or more hours a week at their hospitals. They were often on duty more than thirty-six hours at a time, with limited sleep.

The new rules limit residents to thirty hours of duty at a time. And a hospital is not supposed to require more than eighty hours of duty in a week. In addition, interns and residents must have one day off in every seven. But some residents say the new rules are not being followed by all hospitals.

VOICE ONE:

Paul Rockey is a medical educator in Illinois who has worked for years with residents. He says residencies today are more difficult than before. Patients do not stay as long in the hospital as they once did. So Doctor Rockey says there is a lot of pressure on young doctors to learn quickly.

He says the difficulties of a medical education may be great. But, he adds, people also get great satisfaction seeing themselves gain the knowledge and skills to become good doctors.

VOICE TWO:

We have talked about people who want to go to medical school in the United States. What about those who already have a medical education -- a foreign medical education -- and now want to work here as doctors? Traditionally this has not been easy. States require foreign doctors to pass tests and finish an approved residency or other medical program in the United States.

To be accepted for a residency, a person must meet the requirements of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. This certification process involves several tests before a person can receive a visa to stay in the United States for the training period.

Foreign medical graduates may be required to return to their own country for at least two years after they complete the training. But because of doctor shortages or other needs, some have been able to get visas without the required two-year stay in their home country.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Brianna Bake. Internet users can find MP3 files and transcripts12 of our programs at www.unsv.com. I'm Bob Doughty.

VOICE TWO:

And I'm Barbara Klein. Listen again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 doughty Jk5zg     
adj.勇猛的,坚强的
参考例句:
  • Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质:脾气倔强,性格刚强。
  • The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。
2 costly 7zXxh     
adj.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的
参考例句:
  • It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
  • This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用,左不过贵了些。
3 considerably 0YWyQ     
adv.极大地;相当大地;在很大程度上
参考例句:
  • The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
  • The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。
4 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
5 interns b9fd94f8bf381b49802b6b686cb9d5ac     
n.住院实习医生( intern的名词复数 )v.拘留,关押( intern的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Our interns also greet our guests when they arrive in our studios. 我们的实习生也会在嘉宾抵达演播室的时候向他们致以问候。 来自超越目标英语 第4册
  • The interns work alongside experienced civil engineers and receive training in the different work sectors. 实习生陪同有经验的国内工程师工作,接受不同工作部门的相关培训。 来自超越目标英语 第4册
6 specialties 4f19670e38d5e63c785879e223b3bde0     
n.专门,特性,特别;专业( specialty的名词复数 );特性;特制品;盖印的契约
参考例句:
  • Great Books are popular, not pedantic. They are not written by specialists about specialties for specialists. 名著绝不引经据典,艰深难懂,而是通俗易读。它们不是专家为专业人员撰写的专业书籍。 来自英汉 - 翻译样例 - 文学
  • Brain drains may represent a substantial reduction in some labor force skills and specialties. 智力外流可能表示某种劳动力技能和特长大量减少。 来自辞典例句
7 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
8 specialty SrGy7     
n.(speciality)特性,特质;专业,专长
参考例句:
  • Shell carvings are a specialty of the town.贝雕是该城的特产。
  • His specialty is English literature.他的专业是英国文学。
9 internship oqmzJB     
n.实习医师,实习医师期
参考例句:
  • an internship at a television station 在电视台的实习期
  • a summer internship with a small stipend 薪水微薄的暑期实习
10 interned 7006cc1f45048a987771967c7a5bdb31     
v.拘留,关押( intern的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was interned but,as he was in no way implicated in war crimes,was released. 他曾被拘留过,但因未曾涉嫌战争罪行而被释放了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • These soldiers were interned in a neutral country until the war was over. 这些士兵被拘留在一个中立国,直到战争结束。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
11 accreditation da37a04e592cbd344142730ce05a6887     
n.委派,信赖,鉴定合格
参考例句:
  • a letter of accreditation 一份合格证明书
  • This paper gives an overview of the Verification, Validation and Accreditation (VV&A) in High Level Architecture(HLA). 对基于高层体系结构(High Level Architecture,简称HLA)的仿真系统的校核、验证与确认(Verification, Validation and Accreditation,简称VV&A)问题进行了详细的介绍及分析。 来自互联网
12 transcripts 525c0b10bb61e5ddfdd47d7faa92db26     
n.抄本( transcript的名词复数 );转写本;文字本;副本
参考例句:
  • Like mRNA, both tRNA and rRNA are transcripts of chromosomal DNA. tRNA及rRNA同mRNA一样,都是染色体DNA的转录产物。 来自辞典例句
  • You can't take the transfer students'exam without your transcripts. 没有成绩证明书,你就不能参加转学考试。 来自辞典例句

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