经济学人:难民-艰难的旅途

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　　难民 艰难的旅途 欧洲为应对海飘难民而制定的计划还需要做的更多，考虑的更深远。

　　THE gulf² between sentiment and action is as wide as the Mediterranean³ itself. On May 13th the European Commission issued its plan for dealing⁴ with immigration, including the multitude who take to boats on the shores of north Africa in the hope of reaching asylum⁶ on European Union soil or, more likely, of being plucked from the wavesby a passing vessel⁷. The report's authors clearly lament⁸ the shameful⁹ drowning of thousands of migrants,left to their fate because of cuts in marine¹⁰ patrols that were deemed to be picking up too many people. Nevertheless, the commission's ideas on what to do fall lamentably¹¹ short.

　　同情感性与实际行动之间的鸿沟正如地中海的宽广。5月13号，欧委会商讨处理包含大量从北非海岸乘船起航寄希望于在欧洲大陆寻求到政治避难，但讽刺的是此行更大的可能性是被路过的船只从海浪中救起来的难民的外来移民问题。报告的作者叹息的将这令人感到惭愧羞耻的溺亡数以千计的移民者的悲惨事件归咎于他们的命运，因为由于海军巡逻的介入，理应并已经救起过很多很多人了。虽然如此，欧委会将如何去做才能弥补目前（在应对此类问题）的不足作为了商讨的重点。

　　海飘难民.jpg

　　A nut to crush a sledgehammer

　　大题小做，宰牛用了杀鸡刀

　　War in the Middle East, oppression in Africa and the ubiquitous human desire for a better life: all have played their part in causing a surge of migration⁵ into the EU. The fighting in Syria alone has crammed¹² 4m fugitives¹³ into refugee camps in Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan. The tide is hardly about to dry up.

　　中东的战争，非洲的压迫和各处想要过上更好生活的人们，这些都成了目前欧洲呈井喷状的移民潮问题的一部分原因。仅叙利亚的战争就已经使4百万的逃亡难民涌入了位于黎巴嫩，土耳其和约旦的难民营。这股移民浪潮怕是很难变得干涸。

　　Not all of these people can find a new life in Europe. The UN convention is clear that refugees automatically qualify once they reach the EU, because they need protection. By contrast, economic migrants do not. A country picks its economic migrants and deports¹⁴ those it does not want.

　　并不是所有的难民都能在欧洲得到新生。联合国公约明确表明因为难民需要被保护，所以一旦难民到达了欧洲，他们便自动获得资格，而经济移民并不具有这项特权，一个国家可以挑选这些经济移民，可以把不符合要求不想要的这些移民驱逐出境。

　　That is the theory. The reality is a tide of human misery¹⁵. Traffickers charge thousands of dollars, and rob and rape¹⁶ their customers. Refugees and economic migrants are mixed in together, so those that survive the sea journey are cooped up in camps to be sorted. Fewer than 40% of those who fail to gain asylum are ever deported¹⁷. Some countries, like Sweden and Germany, accept a lot of refugees, many others, including Britain, are grudging¹⁸. There was international outrage¹⁹ after more than 1,000 people drowned in a few days in the Mediterranean in April.This week's report is supposed to ensure that such a catastrophe²⁰ never happens again.

　　这只是理论上的，而现实却要悲惨的多。人贩子收着数以千计的美元的同时，抢劫和强奸他们的客户。难民和经济移民者被统统放置在一起（用船渡海），所以当这些挺过艰难的海上路途，被一同安置在难民营的人们，要被分成难民和经济移民者的类别来分别处理对待。不到40%的难民会因得不到避难许可而被驱逐出境。有一些国家，如瑞典和德国，接收了很多难民，而另一方面，包括英国在内的大多数国家并不愿意接收这些难民。在4月份的几天时间里，有超过1000人溺亡在地中海中，这引起了国际上的愤慨。这周的报道（欧委会的专题会议）强调要确保这样的惨剧绝不能再次发生。

　　Some of its recommendations were expected. It suggests, for instance, that the budget for maritime patrols should triple, that the EU should take on the traffickers by force, and that countries must accelerate the sorting of refugees from economic migrants. Others go further. Refugees are now the responsibility of the country where they land. The commission rightly wants EU countries to share the burden according to their capacity, going by GDP, population, unemployment and how many they have taken in the past.

　　一些建议已经被预料到了。例如什么海军巡航的经费应该提升3倍啊，欧盟应当用武力打击蛇头人贩子啊，各国应加速分辨难民和经济移民者啊之类的建议。而另一些建议则更为深远。难民现今已经成为各个位于欧洲大陆的国家的责任。欧委会理所应当的提出想让各国根据自身GDP水平，人口基数，失业率和以往已经接收的难民数量而得出的可接收容量，来分担这一份重任。

　　In graphics²¹: Why Europe's boat people are such a huge problem

　　图表：为什么前来欧洲的海飘难民会成为一个巨大的问题。

　　Compared with Thailand and Indonesia, the plan is a model of compassion²². Those countries are callously²³ pushing boat people from Myanmar and Bangladesh back out to sea. Yet the EU's plan fails in two ways. One is that the scale of the effort is unequal to the task. The traffickers will not be stopped. Development assistance of a few hundred million euros will not prevent economic migrants setting out. Too little aid is going to countries that host the vast majority of Syria's refugees. The commission calls for the EU to take in a total of 20,000 refugees who are still in third countriesthe UN says the EU should take in 20,000 a year.The other is that the plan is sure to be watered down. Britain, unlike Ireland, has refused to share the burden—which, thanks to a long-standing waiver,it is legally allowed to do, even if that course is morally reprehensible²⁴. When the plan is debated in June other countries will also seek to wriggle²⁵ out of their responsibilities.

　　尽管与泰国和印度尼西亚直接无情的将来自缅甸和孟加拉国的海飘难民直接驱赶回海上相比较而言，欧盟的处理方案简直就是同情难民的楷模，但这个方案从两个方面来说还是挺失败的。一方面这种程度的努力和重任本身是不相等的。（这种程度下）蛇头人贩子是不能被制止的。持续援助的数亿欧元不能阻止经济移民迁出。对安置了大量叙利亚难民的各国援助太少。欧委会提出让欧洲接收总共20000名还处在第三国家的难民，而联合国提出欧盟应该一年接收20000难民。另一方面这个方案一定会枯竭（watered down）不同于爱尔兰，英国拒绝分担这个重任，由于长时间的弃权，虽然这么做会招致道德上的责难，但这么做却是合法的。当这个方案计划在六月份被商讨的时候，其他国家将也可能寻找可逃避责任的机会。

　　The only way to keep migrants off the Mediterranean is to set up camps in north Africa that can take in people rescued at sea and sort through asylum applicants²⁶. Getting it right will be hard. North African countries will need money to host them. The processing must be fair and fast. Economic migrants can be sent home. But the one thing EU countries cannot avoid is taking in more refugees.

　　只有在北非建立起兼顾安置从海上救援起的难民和提供甄选政治避难申请人类型的难民营，才能使海飘移民者远离偷渡地中海这条道。要做到拨乱反正会很艰难，北非国家将会需要资金去安置难民，整个过程还必须快且公平，欧洲移民可以返回家园，但接纳更多的难民却是欧盟国家不能避免的事。

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