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你的衣服会造成污染吗?

时间:2017-04-18 23:19:36

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(单词翻译)

 

Very small pieces of plastic, called microfibers, are polluting rivers and oceans. The source of these microfibers may surprise you: your clothes.

Clothes worn for outdoor activities and exercise are often made of synthetic3 material, like polyester or nylon. In cold weather, many people wear soft fleece clothing to keep warm.

They contain very small plastic fibers2. They may also be harming the environment when you wash them.

When people wash these clothes, very small pieces go down the drain with the wash water. These microfibers cannot be seen without a microscope.

Studies on microfibers in the environment

Pollution caused by plastic is not new, but recent studies have shown the effect of microfibers in the environment.

Studies show very small microfibers are ending up in our waters. A 2015 study found them in fish from California. They have even been found in table salt in China.

For three years, the Montana-based group Adventure Scientists has been researching microfibers and microplastics by collecting water samples from around the world.

Katie Holsinger is Adventure Scientists’ microplastics manager. She says seventy-five percent of the water samples contained microplastics, but there has been a surprise:

“In our samples, ninety percent of the plastics we are finding are microfibers… Those are often times originating from textiles or other fibrous synthetic products.”

The group has “adventure athletes” collect water samples while they are enjoying the outdoors, and most likely wearing this kind of clothing. So far, they have collected almost 2,300 one-liter bottles of water from oceans and fresh waters all over the planet, even remote places.

“What we know right now is that microplastic contamination is pervasive4 and it exists in places we would expect, which may be downstream from some wastewater treatment facilities, and in places that maybe at first we wouldn’t expect—in some really remote areas of this world.”

Patagonia is a company that makes fleece jackets and clothing popular with outdoor athletes. The data on microfibers led them to support research to find ways to stop the fabric5 from coming off in the wash.

The company provided support for research done by Patricia Holden and her students at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

The researchers worked to find out how much of the microfibers are released when washed. They tested fleece clothes, from both Patagonia and another company, by washing them in several kinds of washing machines. They caught the fibers with filters, and weighed them.

They found, on average, fleece clothes lost .3 percent of the cloth, or about one gram of fiber1, with each washing. The study was published in Environmental Science and Technology last September.

Patricia Holden explains the weight of these microfibers can add up.

“So you think about the, you know, literally6 millions of garments like this that are being washed every day. And if a gram or more from each is being released into the wash water, that adds up. That can potentially add up to quite a bit.”

Microfibers’ effect on food supplies

Beyond the waterways, the researchers say microfibers may end up in soil and agricultural lands. They can also move around the atmosphere. This means there is much to be learned about microfibers and the environment, Holden says.

“Still very few studies and we need a good grip on the magnitude of this problem, where most of these fibers are ending up, and then that will tell us how to focus our future research and our future action and where it’s needed to safeguard human health and the environment.”

Some studies have shown that microfibers end up inside marine7 animals, like oysters8.

So if these microfibers have been found in fish and seafood9, are they safe to eat? Holden says the fibers tend not to move into the tissue of the fish. Researchers, including Holden, say that needs more study.

“It’s not necessarily a new problem but it is being newly recognized as an issue that we need to better understand. Is it a real problem? Is it a real problem for human health, in terms of our diet, of fish or other types of food, we just don’t know.”

Katie Holsinger from Adventure Scientists says the microplastics are harming sea creatures. She says because other toxins11 can attach to microfibers and other plastics, it is something “we should all consider when we make food choices.”

“Right now what science is coming out is tying microplastics ingested into fish and the way that those microplastics and the concentration of them in fish is affecting their mortality, their ability to reproduce, their nervous system function.”

Steps to save keep microfibers from the environment

Until more information becomes known, there are steps to take to reduce the amount of microfibers in the environment.

Katie Holsinger says people should use less of the synthetic materials.

“But of course we rely, I including, heavily on my yoga pants that are stretchy and my polar fleeces to keep me warm outside. So if we already have those in our lives and we’re using them, an important step would be washing them less.”

New technology may also help. A bag is being designed in which to wash these clothes. It traps the microfibers in the bag and may soon to be available for purchase. Already on the market are filters for washing machines to keep microfibers from escaping with the wash water.

Words in This Story

synthetic - adj. made by combining different substances : not natural?

textile - n. a fabric that is woven or knit

fibrous - adj. containing, made of, or resembling fibers?

remote - adj. remote or far away

contamination - n. the act of making something dangerous, dirty, or impure12 by adding something harmful or undesirable13 to it?

pervasive - adj. existing in every part of something : spreading to all parts of something?

grip - v. to grab or hold something tightly

magnitude - n. the size, extent, or importance of something?

toxin10 - n. a poisonous substance

mortality - n. the death of a person, animal, etc.?

nervous system - n. the system of nerves in your body that sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the brain and the other parts of the body?


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1 fiber NzAye     
n.纤维,纤维质
参考例句:
  • The basic structural unit of yarn is the fiber.纤维是纱的基本结构单元。
  • The material must be free of fiber clumps.这种材料必须无纤维块。
2 fibers 421d63991f1d1fc8826d6e71d5e15f53     
光纤( fiber的名词复数 ); (织物的)质地; 纤维,纤维物质
参考例句:
  • Thesolution of collagen-PVA was wet spined with the sodium sulfate as coagulant and collagen-PVA composite fibers were prepared. 在此基础上,以硫酸钠为凝固剂,对胶原-PVA共混溶液进行湿法纺丝,制备了胶原-PVA复合纤维。
  • Sympathetic fibers are distributed to all regions of the heart. 交感神经纤维分布于心脏的所有部分。
3 synthetic zHtzY     
adj.合成的,人工的;综合的;n.人工制品
参考例句:
  • We felt the salesman's synthetic friendliness.我们感觉到那位销售员的虚情假意。
  • It's a synthetic diamond.这是人造钻石。
4 pervasive T3zzH     
adj.普遍的;遍布的,(到处)弥漫的;渗透性的
参考例句:
  • It is the most pervasive compound on earth.它是地球上最普遍的化合物。
  • The adverse health effects of car exhaust are pervasive and difficult to measure.汽车尾气对人类健康所构成的有害影响是普遍的,并且难以估算。
5 fabric 3hezG     
n.织物,织品,布;构造,结构,组织
参考例句:
  • The fabric will spot easily.这种织品很容易玷污。
  • I don't like the pattern on the fabric.我不喜欢那块布料上的图案。
6 literally 28Wzv     
adv.照字面意义,逐字地;确实
参考例句:
  • He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
  • Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候,她不走到真正要昏厥了,决不肯坐下来。
7 marine 77Izo     
adj.海的;海生的;航海的;海事的;n.水兵
参考例句:
  • Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
  • When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时,他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
8 oysters 713202a391facaf27aab568d95bdc68f     
牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • We don't have oysters tonight, but the crayfish are very good. 我们今晚没有牡蛎供应。但小龙虾是非常好。
  • She carried a piping hot grill of oysters and bacon. 她端出一盘滚烫的烤牡蛎和咸肉。
9 seafood 7j6zUl     
n.海产食品,海味,海鲜
参考例句:
  • There's an excellent seafood restaurant near here.离这儿不远有家非常不错的海鲜馆。
  • Shrimps are a popular type of seafood.小虾是比较普遍的一种海味。
10 toxin hn5wb     
n.毒素,毒质
参考例句:
  • Experts have linked this condition to a build-up of toxins in the body.专家已把这一病症与体内毒素的积累联系起来。
  • Tests showed increased levels of toxin in shellfish.检验表明水生有壳动物的毒素水平提高了。
11 toxins 18c3f40d432ba8dc33bad8fb82873ea8     
n.毒素( toxin的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The seas have been used as a receptacle for a range of industrial toxins. 海洋成了各种有毒工业废料的大容器。
  • Most toxins are naturally excreted from the body. 大部分毒素被自然排出体外。 来自《简明英汉词典》
12 impure NyByW     
adj.不纯净的,不洁的;不道德的,下流的
参考例句:
  • The air of a big city is often impure.大城市的空气往往是污浊的。
  • Impure drinking water is a cause of disease.不洁的饮用水是引发疾病的一个原因。
13 undesirable zp0yb     
adj.不受欢迎的,不良的,不合意的,讨厌的;n.不受欢迎的人,不良分子
参考例句:
  • They are the undesirable elements among the employees.他们是雇员中的不良分子。
  • Certain chemicals can induce undesirable changes in the nervous system.有些化学物质能在神经系统中引起不良变化。

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