Arctic Warming Means Battles for Shipping and Riches

（单词翻译）

At the top of the world, under the ice, lies a large number of natural resources. Gas, coal, uranium and other minerals, even diamonds, sit under the ice inside the Arctic Circle.

As climate change pushes the cold and ice farther north each year, discussion increases about how to get to those resources. Less ice also means possible new business in shipping¹, tourism and fishing.

But, industry experts, researchers and people in the far north say there are many problems in reaching those rich resources. People who want to protect the environment are against any large effort to take Arctic resources. They warn that the fragile environment could be harmed past repair.

The Northwest Passage, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is one of the last unexplored areas of the planet. But, that is changing as more companies seek business possibilities in the frozen north. Ships are now taking passengers through the Arctic Circle. Last year, the cruise ship Crystal Serenity² sailed through the passage. On board were 500 crew and 1,100 “adventure tourists,” who paid at least $22,000 each for the four-week trip.

The trip was unusual, however. Fewer than 500 ships have sailed through the passage since the first in 1906. Such trips require approval of almost 30 Canadian agencies, including Nunavut territory officials.

In addition to tourism, shipping companies may start using the passage to save on fuel costs.

Sailing through the passage cuts the travel distance between East Asia and Western Europe by more than 10,000 kilometers. Such travel usually moves through the Panama Canal.

However, businesses may want to do more than move through the area, like mine for resources.

“As the world demand for raw materials is ever increasing, and (with) a realization³ that a large part of the unexplored deposits are in the Arctic, there is a natural shift to focus on that area,” said Mads Boye Peterson, head of Denmark’s Nordic Bulk Carriers Shipping.

Petersen noted⁴ that rising temperatures make operations more difficult because the moving ice floes are less predictable than solid ice sheets.

The Arctic is a 14.5 million square kilometer area around the North Pole. But, it is not all ice and ocean. It also has a mix of plant and animal life.

The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that up to 30 percent of the world’s undiscovered gas and 13 percent of its undiscovered oil are inside the Arctic Circle.

But there could be other resources also, like diamonds, uranium, phosphate, nickel, platinum⁶ and other minerals. Morten Smelror is the director of the Geological Survey of Norway.

He also said lithium and cobalt have been found in important amounts in the Arctic regions of Russia, the Nordic countries and Greenland. Lithium and cobalt are used to make batteries that power the growing number of electric cars and small electronic devices.

And the Arctic’s huge Baffin Island holds large amounts of pure iron, which is used to make steel.

“The Arctic is certainly among the last frontiers with respect to undiscovered mineral resources, along with the deep oceans,” Smelror said.

Countries in the Arctic region are making claims to land and resources in the area.

Greenland claims the Lomonosov Ridge⁷, an underwater ridge, 1800 kilometers long. But Russia disputes the claim. The United Nations is working to settle the disagreement.

Russia also has claimed ownership of a large Arctic Ocean area and, ten years ago, placed a Russian flag underwater at the North Pole.

Canada and the United States also dispute ownership of parts of the Arctic region.

In April, U.S. President Donald Trump⁸ signed an executive order that cancelled restrictions⁹ on oil exploration in the Arctic and other places.

I’m Anne Ball.

And I'm Caty Weaver¹⁰.

Words in This Story

fragile – adj. easily broken or damaged

cruise – adj. a kind of boat or ship that travels to a number of places for vacation

adventure tourism – n. tourism that involves travel to remote areas and usually involve physically¹¹ challenging activities

realization – n. the state of understanding or becoming aware of something

deposit – n. an amount of a substance (such as oil or coal) that exists naturally in the ground

icebreaker – n. a special ship that can move through icy water by cutting the ice

complicated – adj. something that is sure to happen or be successful

Nordic – adj. of or relating to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and sometimes Finland and Iceland, or to the people who live there

ice floe⁵ – n. a large, flat area of ice floating in the ocean

ice sheet – n. a very large and thick area of ice that covers a region

frontier – n. a distant area where few people live

ridge – n. a long area of land that is on top of a mountain or hill