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VOA慢速英语2020--在教室里教授和平

时间:2020-11-22 14:33:59

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Teaching Peace in Classrooms

Peace Education is a growing area of research at some colleges and universities. Peace education programs often explore subjects covered in the news, such as violence in schools and mental health issues during a quarantine.

In Japan this week, Rebecca Oxford1 was to speak at a meeting of JALT, the Japan Association for Language Teaching. Her subject: "The Language of Peace."

Oxford is Professor Emeritus2 at the University of Maryland in the United States. She says that foreign and second language teacher-educators and their students have an important duty to play in fostering peace. She adds peace is created through communication, and that communication is the main goal of language teacher-educators and teachers.

Six parts to peace

Oxford says there are six parts to peace. They are inner peace; interpersonal peace; inter-group peace; intercultural peace; international peace; and ecological3 peace or care for the environment. She believes these six terms give teachers a common basis on which to talk about conflict and work for peace.

Part of Oxford's approach to the language of peace is to change signs of conflict into respect for the values and hopes of the people involved. She says peace builders should look for the causes of conflict and use this information to reduce violence between people, groups and cultures.

Criticism of peace education

Not everyone agrees on the value of peace education programs. Heather Millstone is with the University of Queensland in Australia. She did research on how peace programs work in Australian schools.

Millstone identified three criticisms of the programs. One is the lack of evidence that they work. Another is how peace programs pay attention to a child's relationship with other children, instead of on the larger community. Millstone says this puts a responsibility on children to create peace when the society around them is violent. The third criticism is that the programs do not consider cultural values, such as whether an individual or a group is more important in society.

Peace education programs

One United States-based group has been using criticisms like these to shape its peace education programs. Tim Nation is Executive Director of the Peace Learning Center, or PLC, in Indianapolis, Indiana. He says the PLC began in the 1990s as part of AmeriCorps, a service program similar to the U.S. government's Peace Corps4. He told VOA it began working with children who experienced violence at home, and then moved to programs to reduce violence in schools.

"We saw going through workshops on conflict resolution and then sharing with the kids that this is one of the missing links in our society... we realized that if you could teach young people at an early age, then you could have a larger impact and help kids succeed."

Partnership5 with Tribe

Over the past year, the PLC joined with the Tribes Learning Community, a social and emotional learning program. Tribes offers training for elementary, middle and high school teachers, as well as for those working in after school and youth development programs. Nation says the work of Tribes is based on evidence from research into how to build communities in schools and classrooms.

"It's helped us with an evidence-based system that is easy to use for teachers...and lessons that are easy to use and proven to reduce conflicts and increase academic progress while helping6 each student learn skills that they can use for a lifetime."

The Tribes Learning Community has over 5,000 trainers worldwide, with programs in Canada, Australia and other English-speaking countries. It also offers Spanish language educational materials.

Nation notes that with the change to online learning, help with understanding social and emotional learning is what teachers need right now.

"And learning social-emotional learning skills is really important... because that's what you're asked to do in the workforce7. When we lose out on our ability to communicate and collaborate8, that's not good for the future of our workforce and our society."

Activities for the classroom

HEART is an aid group that promotes Humane9 Education, that is, it is a charity promoting social and emotional learning, or SEL. In a recent Education story, we reported on the importance of SEL at some schools. PLC, Tribes and HEART came together to develop tools for teachers to use in classrooms. Everyday Circle Cards are one example of a short activity teachers can add to each class. It helps students learn the social skills they need at school. (You can download six samples here)

The Peace Learning Center offers another kind of workshop on implicit10 bias11 -- or making stereotypes12 about groups of people. The PLC offers the Harvard Implicit Bias test. It is free and available in many different languages. Nation says that after taking the test, students learn to think about and deal with their own biases14.

"We help them process and reflect on their own biases so they can learn strategies to deal with them."

Mental health and peace

Jing Lin is a professor of International Education Policy at the University of Maryland. She teaches classes for educators related to peace and ecological ethics15.

Lin says peace education programs can help students a lot. Some students have mental health problems because of conflicts at school or in the community. They need to learn how to deal with that worry and mental pressure.

"Students need to know about peace -- study about peace -- but also to study to have peace with themselves, with the society and also to study to build peace in our world. So, there are great benefits in all levels."

Lin suggests organizing groups of students into teams by birth month. Then in these groups, each person tells their life story. This activity, and similar ones, can help students come to understand that we are all human beings.

"To know each person as this living, breathing, interesting person, to break down the stereotypes."

A worldwide need

Peace education is helpful not just for students, Lin says, and something that everyone needs.

Words in This Story

quarantine – n. restrictions16 placed on the activities or communication of persons to prevent the spread of disease

foster – v. to make something more likely to happen

approach – n. the act of moving near or next to something

workshop – n. a class or series of classes in which a small group of people learn the methods and skills used in doing something

kid – n. a child

promote – v. to help bring into being or to show support for

stereotype13 – n. an often unfair and untrue belief that many people have about all people or things with a particular quality

implicit bias – n. acting17, without thinking about it, on unfair ideas about groups of people

ecological – adj. of or relating to the environments of living things or relationships between living things and their environments

ethics – n. a set of moral rules or laws


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1 Oxford Wmmz0a     
n.牛津(英国城市)
参考例句:
  • At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
  • This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。
2 emeritus ypixp     
adj.名誉退休的
参考例句:
  • "Perhaps I can introduce Mr.Lake Kirby,an emeritus professor from Washington University?"请允许我介绍华盛顿大学名誉教授莱克柯尔比先生。
  • He will continue as chairman emeritus.他将会继续担任荣誉主席。
3 ecological IrRxX     
adj.生态的,生态学的
参考例句:
  • The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
4 corps pzzxv     
n.(通信等兵种的)部队;(同类作的)一组
参考例句:
  • The medical corps were cited for bravery in combat.医疗队由于在战场上的英勇表现而受嘉奖。
  • When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时,他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
5 partnership NmfzPy     
n.合作关系,伙伴关系
参考例句:
  • The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
  • Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。
6 helping 2rGzDc     
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
参考例句:
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
7 workforce workforce     
n.劳动大军,劳动力
参考例句:
  • A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.劳动人口中一大部分受雇于农业。
  • A quarter of the local workforce is unemployed.本地劳动力中有四分之一失业。
8 collaborate SWgyC     
vi.协作,合作;协调
参考例句:
  • The work gets done more quickly when we collaborate.我们一旦合作,工作做起来就更快了。
  • I would ask you to collaborate with us in this work.我们愿意请你们在这项工作中和我们合作。
9 humane Uymy0     
adj.人道的,富有同情心的
参考例句:
  • Is it humane to kill animals for food?宰杀牲畜来吃合乎人道吗?
  • Their aim is for a more just and humane society.他们的目标是建立一个更加公正、博爱的社会。
10 implicit lkhyn     
a.暗示的,含蓄的,不明晰的,绝对的
参考例句:
  • A soldier must give implicit obedience to his officers. 士兵必须绝对服从他的长官。
  • Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。
11 bias 0QByQ     
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
参考例句:
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
12 stereotypes 1ff39410e7d7a101c62ac42c17e0df24     
n.老套,模式化的见解,有老一套固定想法的人( stereotype的名词复数 )v.把…模式化,使成陈规( stereotype的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes. 这样的笑话容易渲染种族偏见。
  • It makes me sick to read over such stereotypes devoid of content. 这种空洞无物的八股调,我看了就讨厌。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
13 stereotype rupwE     
n.固定的形象,陈规,老套,旧框框
参考例句:
  • He's my stereotype of a schoolteacher.他是我心目中的典型教师。
  • There's always been a stereotype about successful businessmen.人们对于成功商人一直都有一种固定印象。
14 biases a1eb9034f18cae637caab5279cc70546     
偏见( bias的名词复数 ); 偏爱; 特殊能力; 斜纹
参考例句:
  • Stereotypes represent designer or researcher biases and assumptions, rather than factual data. 它代表设计师或者研究者的偏见和假设,而不是实际的数据。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • The net effect of biases on international comparisons is easily summarized. 偏差对国际比较的基本影响容易概括。
15 ethics Dt3zbI     
n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准
参考例句:
  • The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
  • Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。
16 restrictions 81e12dac658cfd4c590486dd6f7523cf     
约束( restriction的名词复数 ); 管制; 制约因素; 带限制性的条件(或规则)
参考例句:
  • I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
  • a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制
17 acting czRzoc     
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的
参考例句:
  • Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她,她只是假装的。
  • During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代,她的表演生涯黯然失色。

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