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(单词翻译)
Think about American movies or books that you know. You have probably heard or read statements such as "I guess so," "I don't think so," or "he said so."
In today's Everyday Grammar, you will learn about the grammar behind such statements.
We will explore shortened clauses. You will learn about the word so, and how it commonly replaces one kind of clause in everyday speaking and writing.
But first, let's begin by finding out what a clause is.
Clauses
Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a predicate, the part of the sentence that says something about the subject.
When a clause is independent, it is a complete sentence. For example:
I love grammar.
The subject is I, and the words love grammar make up the predicate.
When a clause is dependent, it plays a part in a longer sentence. For example:
I believe that learning grammar is important.
Here, the subject is I and the predicate is believe that learning grammar is important.
Note that a dependent clause, that learning grammar is important, appears in the predicate.
There are different kinds of dependent clauses. The one we are interested in begins with the word that - just like in the example you heard.
The word "so"
You might be asking yourself how this discussion connects with the word so.
The answer is that English speakers often replace that-clauses with the word so, especially after certain verbs. The most common of these verbs include guess, think and hope.
Consider this example. Imagine two people are trying to decide about something to watch.
Have you seen this movie?
I don't think so.
In the example, the word so replaces a that-clause. If the speaker did not use so, the example would have sounded like this:
Have you seen this movie?
I don't think that I have seen this movie.
English speakers often shorten noun clauses that would repeat what they have already said - or what another speaker has said.
English speakers usually do not replace that-clauses if the information is new.
Let's think about another example:
Did you remember to turn off the gas stove before we left the house?
I hope so.
Such an answer is not very convincing and should be a cause for concern.
Please note that the example would have been longer if the word so were not used, as in:
Did you remember to turn off the gas stove before we left the house?
I hope that I remembered to turn off the gas stove before we left the house.
Closing thoughts
One reason English speakers replace that-clauses with the word so is because of speed. It is much faster to not repeat information. Discussions that repeat so much information would become too long!
The next time you are watching shows or reading books in English, pay careful attention to how speakers use the word so. Make note of which verbs they use. And be sure to look for other kinds of words they use to replace clauses.
That might have to be a subject for another report.
Words in This Story
grammar – n. the set of rules that explain how words are used in a language
convince –v. to persuade a person of that something is true
0 already | |
adv.已经 | |
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0 American | |
adj.美国(洲)的;美国人的;n.美国人,美洲人 | |
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0 another | |
adj.另外的,再一,不同的;prep.另外一个,另一个人,同类的东西;pron.另一个,另外一个人,他人 | |
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0 answer | |
n.答案;回答;v.回答 | |
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0 appears | |
v.出现( appear的第三人称单数 );出庭(作证或受审);演出;发表 | |
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0 as | |
conj.按照;如同 | |
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0 attention | |
n.注意,注意力,关心,关注 | |
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0 because | |
conj.由于,因为 | |
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0 become | |
v.变成,变得;vbl.变得 | |
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0 before | |
prep./conj.在…以前 | |
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0 believe | |
v.相信;认为 | |
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0 careful | |
adj.小心的;仔细的 | |
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0 cause | |
pron.造成,使发生 | |
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0 certain | |
adj.一定的;pron.某几个,某些;肯定的,无疑的,必然发生的 | |
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0 clause | |
n.(正式文件或法律文件的)条款,从句,分句 | |
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0 clauses | |
从句( clause的名词复数 ); (法律文件等的)条款 | |
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0 common | |
adj.共同的,平常的,普通的;n.平民,普通,公地,公园 | |
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0 complete | |
adj.彻底的,完整的,已完成的;v.完成,使完整 | |
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0 concern | |
vt.(使)担忧;涉及;关系到;n.担心;关注;(利害)关系 | |
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0 connects | |
v.连接( connect的第三人称单数 );把…看作有关联;由…联想到;给…接通电话 | |
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0 consider | |
v.考虑;思考;认为 | |
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0 convince | |
vt.使确认,使信服;使认识错误 | |
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0 convincing | |
adj.使人信服的,有力的,令人心悦诚服的 | |
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0 decide | |
vi./vt.决定;下决心 | |
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0 dependent | |
adj.依靠的,依赖的,依赖他人生活者 | |
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0 did | |
v.动词do的过去式 | |
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0 different | |
adj.不同的,有区别的,不一致的 | |
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0 discussion | |
n.讨论,谈论;论述 | |
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0 discussions | |
n.讨论( discussion的名词复数 );商讨;详述;论述 | |
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0 especially | |
adv.特别,尤其,格外;专门地,主要地 | |
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0 everyday | |
adj.每天的,日常的,平常的 | |
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0 example | |
n.榜样,例子 | |
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0 explain | |
vt.解释,说明;vi. 解释,说明,辩解 | |
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0 explore | |
vt.勘探,探测;探究,探索 | |
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0 faster | |
adj.更快的;快的( fast的比较级 );走得快;感光快的;[摄影术]快动作的(镜头)adv.更快地 | |
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0 finding | |
n.发现,发现物;调查的结果 | |
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0 first | |
adj.第一的;adv.首先 | |
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0 gas | |
n.煤气,气体,汽油;vt.毒(死),加油 | |
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0 grammar | |
n.语法,语法规则 | |
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0 groups | |
n.组( group的名词复数 );群;小型流行音乐演奏组;集团v.使成群,集合( group的第三人称单数 );分类,归类 | |
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0 guess | |
v./n.猜测,推测;以为;猜想[同]surmise | |
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0 hope | |
vt.希望,期望;vi.希望,期待;n.希望,期望 | |
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0 house | |
n.房屋 | |
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0 imagine | |
vt.想象,设想;料想,猜想 | |
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0 important | |
adj.重要的;重大的;严重的 | |
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0 include | |
v.包括,包含,连...在内;(计算机)包括 | |
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0 independent | |
adj.独立自主的;不须依赖的,不受约束的 | |
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0 information | |
n.起诉;信息,消息;知识;报告,通知,情报 | |
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0 interested | |
adj.感兴趣的;拥有权益的;有成见的v.使…感兴趣(interest的过去分词) | |
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0 just | |
adv.仅仅,只是;刚刚 | |
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0 language | |
n.语言 | |
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0 learning | |
n.学问,学识,学习;动词learn的现在分词 | |
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0 left | |
adj.左边的,左倾的,左侧的,左派的,左翼的;adv.在左面;n.左,左边,左派;vbl.leave的过去式和过去分词 | |
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0 long | |
adj.长的 | |
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0 longer | |
adj.比较久的;(距离,长度)长的( long的比较级 );长时间的;(因忙或不愉快等)似乎比实际时间长的;长音的 | |
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0 might | |
aux./v.(may的过去式)可能;可以,允许 | |
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0 most | |
adj.最多的(many,much的最高级) | |
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0 movie | |
n.电影 | |
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0 movies | |
n.电影院;电影( movie的名词复数 );电影院 | |
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0 note | |
n.笔记,注解,备忘录;音符,音调;票据;便条;纸币;vt. 记录,注解;注意 | |
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0 noun | |
n.名词 | |
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0 off | |
adj.远的;休假的,空闲的;adv.走开,出发,隔断;prep.离开,脱落,在...之外 | |
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0 part | |
n.部份,零件;角色,部位;vt.分开,分离,分配;vi.分离,离开;adv.部份地;adj.分离的 | |
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0 pay | |
v.付钱;n.付钱;薪金 | |
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0 people | |
n.人们,人;(the-)人民;一国人民,民族 | |
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0 probably | |
adv.大概,或许,很可能 | |
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0 reading | |
n.阅读,知识,读物,表演,对法律条文的解释;adj.阅读的 | |
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0 reason | |
n.原因,理由,理智,道理;v.劝说,推理 | |
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0 remember | |
vt.记得,记住;记录,纪念;代…致意,代…问好;vi.记得 | |
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0 remembered | |
v.记得,牢记( remember的过去式和过去分词 );纪念;记着;回想起 | |
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0 repeat | |
n.重复,反复;vt.重复,复述;vi.重复;adj.重复的,反复的 | |
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0 replace | |
vt.替换;取代;把…放回原处;归还,赔还 | |
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0 replaces | |
取代( replace的第三人称单数 ); 更换; 把…放回原位; (用…)替换 | |
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0 report | |
n.报告,汇报;传说,传阅;v.报告,报到 | |
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0 rules | |
规程; 规章; 条例; 守则(rule的复数); 规则( rule的名词复数 ); 统治; 习惯; 尺 | |
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0 said | |
v.动词say的过去式、过去分词 | |
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0 seen | |
vbl.(see的过去分词)看见 | |
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0 sentence | |
n.句子;判决,宣判 vt.宣判,判决 | |
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0 set | |
n.组合,集合,设定;一套,一副,一局比赛;v.放置,设定;(太阳)落下去 | |
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0 shorten | |
vt.弄短,缩小,减少 | |
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0 shortened | |
v.弄短,缩短( shorten的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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0 shows | |
v.给…看( show的第三人称单数 );表现出;显露出;上演 | |
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0 something | |
pron.某事,某物;被视为有意义的事物 | |
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0 sounded | |
v.(使)发出声音,响( sound的过去式和过去分词 );发(音);试探;探测 | |
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0 speaker | |
n.说话者,发言者;说某种语言者;扬声器 | |
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0 speakers | |
n.扬声器( speaker的名词复数 );演讲者;议长;说某种语言的人 | |
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0 speed | |
vt./vi(sped,sped,speeded,speeded)加快;飞跑;n.速度 | |
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0 statements | |
n.声明( statement的名词复数 );(思想、观点、文章主题等的)表现;(文字)陈述;结算单 | |
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0 stove | |
n.炉;窑;温室,干燥室;vt.以火炉烤;vbl.stave的过去式和过去分词 | |
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0 subject | |
n.科目,主题;adj.服从的,易患的 | |
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0 such | |
adj.如此的,这样的;pron.这样的;adv.如此地 | |
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0 sure | |
adj.肯定的;一定会…的;有信心的,有把握的 | |
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0 thoughts | |
n.思想( thought的名词复数 );想法;关心;思索 | |
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0 trying | |
adj.令人难于忍受的;难堪的;令人厌烦的v.试图( try的现在分词);试验,尝试;审讯 | |
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0 turn | |
v.(使)转动,(使)旋转;(使)变化;n.一次机会 | |
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0 use | |
v.使用;n.用途,利用 | |
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0 used | |
adj.用旧了的,旧的;习惯于…;过去惯/经常 | |
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0 usually | |
adv.通常,平常,一般 | |
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0 verbs | |
动词 | |
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0 watch | |
n.手表;v.看,注视,照顾 | |
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0 watching | |
n.观察;看守;注意;监视 | |
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0 word | |
n.词,单词,话语,消息,诺言;vt.用词,措辞 | |
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0 words | |
n.字( word的名词复数 );(说的)话;诺言;口令 | |
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0 would | |
aux.will的过去式;愿,要;常常;大概;将要,会 | |
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0 writing | |
n.写,写作;著作,文学作品 | |
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0 yourself | |
pron.你自己 | |
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