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VOA健康报道2022 科学家探索提高新冠疫苗加强针接种

时间:2022-04-28 05:40:49

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(单词翻译)

Drug companies are testing new methods to improve the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines2, using combination shots or nasal drops. They hope the continued research will help strengthen resistance to a continuously changing coronavirus.

制药公司正在测试使用组合注射剂或滴鼻剂来提高新冠疫苗效力的新方法。他们希望持续的研究将有助于增强对不断变化的冠状病毒的抵抗力。

Original vaccines and "bivalent" vaccines

原始疫苗和二价疫苗

The first COVID-19 vaccines remain protective against serious sickness, hospitalization and death, especially after a booster dose.

第一批新冠疫苗对重症、住院及死亡具有保护作用,尤其是在接种加强针之后。

However, drug companies are facing growing pressure to develop vaccines better at fighting off milder infections.

然而制药公司面临越来越大的压力,要求他们开发出能够更好地抵抗轻症的疫苗。

Updating vaccines to match the latest variants4 is risky5, because future variants could be very different. So, companies are considering something like a flu vaccine1, which offers protection against three or four different strains in one shot every year.

更新疫苗以匹配最新变种存在风险,因为未来的变种可能会非常不同。所以,公司正在考虑类似流感疫苗之类的东西,它每年打一针,即可针对3到4种不同毒株的保护。

Moderna and Pfizer are testing 2-in-1 COVID-19 protection that they hope to offer this fall. Each "bivalent" shot would mix the original, proven vaccine with an omicron-targeted version.

莫德纳和辉瑞公司正在测试二合一的新冠保护,他们希望能够在今年秋季提供。每种二价疫苗都会将经过验证的原始疫苗与奥密克戎的靶向疫苗混合起来。

Moderna has some early evidence that the idea could work. It tested a combination shot that targeted the original version of the virus and an earlier variant3 named beta. It found vaccine recipients6 developed limited levels of antibodies capable of fighting not just beta but also newer variants like omicron. Moderna now is testing its omicron-targeted bivalent candidate.

莫德纳公司的一些早期证据表明该想法可行。它测试了一种针对病毒原始毒株和早期的贝塔变种的组合针剂。它发现疫苗接种者产生的有限抗体水平不仅能够对抗贝塔,而且还能对抗奥密克戎等新变种。莫德纳现在正在测试其针对奥密克戎的二阶候选疫苗。

Boosters

加强针

Dr. David Kimberlin, a CDC adviser7 from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, recently suggested that for the average person, two doses of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine plus one booster — a total of three shots — "gets you set up" and ready for what may become a yearly booster.

来自阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校的美国疾控预防中心顾问戴维·肯柏林最近建议,对于普通人来说,打两针辉瑞或是莫德纳疫苗,再加一针加强针,总共三针,能让你做好可能每年接种一针加强针的准备。

After that first booster, CDC data suggests an additional dose offers most people a small, temporary benefit.

美国疾控预防中心数据表明,在第一针加强针之后,再接种可以为大多数人提供少量、临时的益处。

Experts recommend three shots because vaccination8 triggers development of antibodies that can fight off coronavirus infection. Such antibody levels naturally decrease over time.

专家建议注射第三针,因为疫苗接种会引发可以抵抗新冠病毒感染的抗体产生。这种抗体水平会随着时间推移自然降低。

But memory cells jump into action to make new virus-fighters if an infection sneaks9 in. Rockefeller University researchers found those memory cells may become stronger and able to target more diverse kinds of the virus after the third shot.

但是,如果感染潜入,记忆细胞就会开始行动,制造新的抗体。洛克菲勒大学的研究人员发现,这些记忆细胞可能会更变得更加强大,并且在第三针后能够针对更多种类的病毒。

Even if someone who is vaccinated10 gets a mild infection, memory cells still help give "time to protect you against severe illness," said Dr. Paul Offit of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

费城儿童医院的保罗·奥菲特博士表示,即使接种疫苗的人会受到轻微感染,记忆细胞仍然有助于“保护你免受重症的侵害”。

But some people — those with severely11 weakened immune systems — need more doses early on for a better chance of protection.

但是免疫系统严重受损的某些人需要在早期接种更多针以获得更好的保护机会。

Americans 50 and older are being offered a second booster, following similar decisions by Israel and other countries that offer the extra shot to give older people a little more protection.

50岁及以上美国人正在接种第二针加强针,在此之前,以色列等国做出类似决定,为老年人提供额外加强针,以给予更多保护。

The CDC is developing advice to help those eligible12 decide whether to get an extra shot now or wait. Among those who might want a second booster sooner are the elderly, people with health problems or people who are at high risk of exposure from work or travel.

美国疾控预防中心正在制定建议,以帮助符合条件的人们决定是现在多打一针还是继续等待。老年人、有健康问题的人士或因工作或旅行面临高风险的人士可能需要尽快接种第二针加强针。

Nasal vaccines

鼻用疫苗

It is hard for a shot in the arm to form lots of virus-fighting antibodies inside the nose where the coronavirus latches13 on. But a nasal vaccine might offer a new way to prevent infections.

手臂接种很难在新冠病毒附着的鼻腔内形成大量抗病毒抗体。但是鼻用疫苗可能会提供一种预防感染的新途径。

"When I think about what would make me get a second booster, I actually would want to prevent infection," said Dr. Grace Lee of Stanford University, who chairs CDC's immunization advisory14 committee. "I think we need to do better."

美国疾控预防中心免疫咨询委员会主席、斯坦福大学的格蕾丝·李博士表示:“当我考虑什么情况能让我去打第二针加强针时,我实际上是想预防感染。我认为我们需要做得更好。”

Nasal vaccines are difficult to develop, and it is not clear how quickly any could become available. But several are in clinical trials around the world. One in late-stage testing, made by India's Bharat Biotech, uses a chimpanzee cold virus to deliver a harmless copy of the coronavirus spike15 protein to the lining16 of the nose.

鼻用疫苗很难开发,而且尚不清楚能有多快上市。但是有几种正在世界各地进行临床试验。印度巴拉特生物技术公司进行的一项后期测试使用黑猩猩感冒病毒将冠状病毒刺突蛋白的无害副本传递到了鼻腔内壁。

"I certainly do not want to abandon the success we have had" with COVID-19 shots, said Dr. Michael Diamond of Washington University in St. Louis. Diamond helped create the candidate that is now licensed17 to Bharat.

圣路易斯华盛顿大学的迈克尔·戴蒙德博士表示:“我当然不想放弃我们在新冠疫苗方面取得的任何成功。”戴蒙德帮助开发了目前授权给巴拉特公司的候选疫苗。

But "we're going to have a difficult time stopping transmission with the current ... vaccines," Diamond added. "We have all learned that."

戴蒙德表示:“我们将会度过一段利用现有疫苗阻断传播的艰难时期。我们都知道这点。”


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1 vaccine Ki1wv     
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
参考例句:
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
2 vaccines c9bb57973a82c1e95c7cd0f4988a1ded     
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
3 variant GfuzRt     
adj.不同的,变异的;n.变体,异体
参考例句:
  • We give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段,提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
  • In a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种,是数据驱动的测试。
4 variants 796e0e5ff8114b13b2e23cde9d3c6904     
n.变体( variant的名词复数 );变种;变型;(词等的)变体
参考例句:
  • Those variants will be preserved in the'struggle for existence". 这些变异将在“生存竞争”中被保留下来。 来自辞典例句
  • Like organisms, viruses have variants, generally called strains. 与其他生物一样,病毒也有变种,一般称之为株系。 来自辞典例句
5 risky IXVxe     
adj.有风险的,冒险的
参考例句:
  • It may be risky but we will chance it anyhow.这可能有危险,但我们无论如何要冒一冒险。
  • He is well aware how risky this investment is.他心里对这项投资的风险十分清楚。
6 recipients 972af69bf73f8ad23a446a346a6f0fff     
adj.接受的;受领的;容纳的;愿意接受的n.收件人;接受者;受领者;接受器
参考例句:
  • The recipients of the prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者的姓名登在报上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The recipients of prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者名单登在报上。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
7 adviser HznziU     
n.劝告者,顾问
参考例句:
  • They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
  • Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。
8 vaccination bKGzM     
n.接种疫苗,种痘
参考例句:
  • Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
  • Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。
9 sneaks 5c2450dbde040764a81993ba08e02d76     
abbr.sneakers (tennis shoes) 胶底运动鞋(网球鞋)v.潜行( sneak的第三人称单数 );偷偷溜走;(儿童向成人)打小报告;告状
参考例句:
  • Typhoid fever sneaks in when sanitation fails. 环境卫生搞不好,伤寒就会乘虚而入。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Honest boys scorn sneaks and liars. 诚实的人看不起狡诈和撒谎的人。 来自辞典例句
10 vaccinated 8f16717462e6e6db3389d0f736409983     
[医]已接种的,种痘的,接种过疫菌的
参考例句:
  • I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
11 severely SiCzmk     
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
参考例句:
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
12 eligible Cq6xL     
adj.有条件被选中的;(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的
参考例句:
  • He is an eligible young man.他是一个合格的年轻人。
  • Helen married an eligible bachelor.海伦嫁给了一个中意的单身汉。
13 latches 72e582024c502f75cdd8b1b4d69a127f     
n.(门窗的)门闩( latch的名词复数 );碰锁v.理解( latch的第三人称单数 );纠缠;用碰锁锁上(门等);附着(在某物上)
参考例句:
  • The virus latches onto the red blood cells. 这种病毒附着在红细胞上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The opposite end latches onto the pathogen. 相对的一端锁在病原体上。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 预防生物武器
14 advisory lKvyj     
adj.劝告的,忠告的,顾问的,提供咨询
参考例句:
  • I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
  • He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。
15 spike lTNzO     
n.长钉,钉鞋;v.以大钉钉牢,使...失效
参考例句:
  • The spike pierced the receipts and held them in order.那个钉子穿过那些收据并使之按顺序排列。
  • They'll do anything to spike the guns of the opposition.他们会使出各种手段来挫败对手。
16 lining kpgzTO     
n.衬里,衬料
参考例句:
  • The lining of my coat is torn.我的外套衬里破了。
  • Moss makes an attractive lining to wire baskets.用苔藓垫在铁丝篮里很漂亮。
17 licensed ipMzNI     
adj.得到许可的v.许可,颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)
参考例句:
  • The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
  • Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗?

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