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(单词翻译)

Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION ‿American history in VOA Special English.

The United States became a nation in seventeen seventy-six. Less than a century later, in the eighteen sixties, it was nearly torn apart. A civil war took place, the only one in the nation's history. States from the North and the South fought against each other. The conflict involved the right of the South to leave the Union and deal with issues -- especially the issue of slavery -- its own way.

This week in our series, Frank Oliver and Tony Riggs describe how the Constitution survived this very troubled time in American history.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

 
Detail of a Civil War drawing by Alfred R. Waud published in Harper's Weekly in October 1863
America's Civil War lasted four years.  Six hundred thousand men were killed or wounded.  In the end, the slaves were freed, and the Union was saved.

Abraham Lincoln was president during the Civil War.  He said the southern states did not have the right to leave the Union.  Lincoln firmly believed that the Union of states was permanent under the Constitution.  In fact, he noted1, one of the reasons for establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union.  His main goal was to save what the Constitution had created.

VOICE ONE:

One cannot truly understand the United States without understanding its Constitution.  That political document describes America's system of government and guarantees the rights of all citizens.  Its power is greater than any president, court or legislature.

In the coming weeks, we will tell the story of the United States Constitution.  We will describe the drama of its birth in Philadelphia in seventeen eighty-seven.  And we will describe the national debate over its approval.  Before we do, however, we want to tell how that document provides for change without changing the basic system of government.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

If you ask Americans about their Constitution, they probably will talk about the Bill of Rights.  These are the first ten changes, or amendments3, to the Constitution.  They contain the rights of all people in the United States.  They have the most direct effect on people's lives.

Among other things, the Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech, religion, and the press.  It also establishes rules to guarantee that a person suspected of a crime is treated fairly.

VOICE ONE:

 
U.S. Constitution
The Bill of Rights was not part of the document signed at the convention4 in Philadelphia in seventeen eighty-seven.  The delegates5 believed that political freedoms were basic human rights.  So, some said it was not necessary to express such rights in a Constitution.

Most Americans, however, wanted their rights guaranteed in writing. That is why most states approved the new Constitution only on condition that a Bill of Rights would be added.  This was done, and the amendments became law in seventeen ninety-one.

VOICE TWO:

One early amendment2 involved the method of choosing a president and vice6 president.  In America's first presidential elections, the man who received the most votes became president.  The man who received the second highest number of votes became vice president.  It became necessary to change the Constitution, however, after separate political parties developed.  Then ballots7 had to show the names of each candidate for president and vice president.

VOICE ONE:

 
The 15th Amendment gave male citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color or previous condition of slavery
There were no other amendments for sixty years.  The next one was born in the blood of civil war.  During the war, President Abraham Lincoln announced the Emancipation8 Proclamation.  That document freed the slaves in the states that were rebelling against the Union.  It was not until after Lincoln was murdered, however, that the states approved the Thirteenth Amendment to ban slavery everywhere in the country.

The Fourteenth Amendment, approved in eighteen sixty-eight, said no state could limit the rights of any citizen.  And the Fifteenth, approved two years later, said a person's right to vote could not be denied because of his race, color, or former condition of slavery.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

By the eighteen nineties, the federal government needed more money than it was receiving from taxes on imports.  It wanted to establish a tax on earnings9.  It took twenty years to win approval for the Sixteenth Amendment.  The amendment permits the government to collect income taxes.

Another amendment proposed in the early nineteen hundreds was designed to change the method of electing United States Senators10.  For more than one hundred years, senators were elected by the legislatures of their states.  The Seventeenth Amendment, approved in nineteen thirteen, gave the people the right to elect senators directly.

VOICE ONE:

In nineteen nineteen, the states approved an amendment to ban the production, transportation, and sale of alcohol.  Alcohol was prohibited.  It could not be produced or sold legally anywhere in the United States.

The amendment, however, did not stop the flow of alcohol. Criminal organizations found many ways to produce and sell it illegally.  Finally, after thirteen years, Americans decided11 that Prohibition12 had failed.  It had caused more problems than it had solved.  So, in nineteen thirty-three, the states approved another constitutional amendment to end the ban on alcohol.

VOICE TWO:

Other amendments in the twentieth century include one that gives women the right to vote.  It became part of the Constitution in nineteen twenty.

Another amendment limits a president to two four-year terms in office.  And the Twenty-sixth Amendment gives the right to vote to all persons who are at least eighteen years old.

The Twenty-seventh Amendment has one of the strangest stories of any amendment to the United States Constitution.  This amendment establishes a rule for increasing the pay of senators and representatives.  It says there must be an election between the time Congress votes to increase its pay and the time the pay raise goes into effect.

The amendment was first proposed in seventeen eighty-nine.  Like all amendments, it needed to be approved by three-fourths of the states.  This did not happen until nineteen ninety-two.  So, one of the first amendments to be proposed was the last amendment to become law.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

The twenty-seven amendments added to the Constitution have not changed the basic system of government in the United States.  The government still has three separate and equal parts:  the executive13 branch, the legislative14 branch, and the judicial15 branch.  The three parts balance each other.  No part is greater than another.

The first American states had no strong central government when they fought their war of independence from Britain in seventeen seventy-six.  They cooperated under an agreement called the Articles of Confederation.  The agreement provided for a Congress.  But the Congress had few powers.  Each state governed itself.

VOICE TWO:

When the war ended, the states owed millions of dollars to their soldiers.  They also owed money to European nations that had supported the Americans against Britain.

The new United States had no national money to pay the debts. There was an American dollar.  But not everyone used it.  And it did not have the same value everywhere.

The situation led to economic ruin for many people.  They could not pay the money they owed.  They lost their property.  They were put in prison.  Militant16 groups took action to help them. They interfered17 with tax collectors.  They terrorized judges and burned court buildings.

VOICE ONE:

The situation was especially bad in the northeast part of the country.  In Massachusetts, a group led by a former soldier tried to seize guns and ammunition18 from the state military force.

Shays' Rebellion19, as it was called, was stopped.  But from north to south, Americans were increasingly worried and frightened.  Would the violence continue?  Would the situation get worse?

VOICE TWO:

Many Americans distrusted the idea of a strong central government.  After all, they had just fought a war to end British rule.  Yet Americans of different ages, education, and social groups felt that something had to be done.  If not, the new nation would fail before it had a chance to succeed.

These were the opinions and feelings that led, in time, to the writing of the United States Constitution.  That will be our story in the coming weeks of THE MAKING OF A NATION.

(MUSIC)

ANNOUNCER:

Our program was written by Christine Johnson and read by Tony Riggs and Frank Oliver. Transcripts20 and MP3s of our programs are at voaspecialenglish.com. Join us again next week for THE MAKING OF A NATION, an American history series in VOA Special English.

 


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 noted 5n4zXc     
adj.著名的,知名的
参考例句:
  • The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
  • Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
2 amendment Mx8zY     
n.改正,修正,改善,修正案
参考例句:
  • The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。
  • The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。
3 amendments 39576081718792f25ceae20f3bb99b43     
(法律、文件的)改动( amendment的名词复数 ); 修正案; 修改; (美国宪法的)修正案
参考例句:
  • The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments. 委员会在起草修正案时没有充分征求他人的意见。
  • Please propose amendments and addenda to the first draft of the document. 请对这个文件的初稿提出修改和补充意见。
4 convention KYFza     
n.惯例,习俗,常规,会议,大会
参考例句:
  • How many delegates have checked in at the convention?大会已有多少代表报到?
  • He sets at naught every convention of society.他轻视所有的社会习俗。
5 delegates f6181d3345b223dc5fcaf31ceaaa79c3     
代表,代表团成员( delegate的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The conference was attended by delegates from 56 countries. 此次会议有来自56个国家的代表出席。
  • Delegates expressed strong opposition to the plans. 代表强烈反对这些计划。
6 vice NU0zQ     
n.坏事;恶习;[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;adj.副的
参考例句:
  • He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
  • They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。
7 ballots 06ecb554beff6a03babca6234edefde4     
n.投票表决( ballot的名词复数 );选举;选票;投票总数v.(使)投票表决( ballot的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • They're counting the ballots. 他们正在计算选票。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The news of rigged ballots has rubbed off much of the shine of their election victory. 他们操纵选票的消息使他们在选举中获得的胜利大为减色。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 emancipation Sjlzb     
n.(从束缚、支配下)解放
参考例句:
  • We must arouse them to fight for their own emancipation. 我们必须唤起他们为其自身的解放而斗争。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • They rejoiced over their own emancipation. 他们为自己的解放感到欢欣鼓舞。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 earnings rrWxJ     
n.工资收人;利润,利益,所得
参考例句:
  • That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
  • Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。
10 senators 1181a181f18e7836f23146bc18668881     
n.参议员( senator的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • When the senators vote, the ayes will have it. 参议员投票时,投赞成票的人将占多数。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The committee concluded that the senators had engaged in improper conduct. 委员会断定议员们从事了不正当活动。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
12 prohibition 7Rqxw     
n.禁止;禁令,禁律
参考例句:
  • The prohibition against drunken driving will save many lives.禁止酒后开车将会减少许多死亡事故。
  • They voted in favour of the prohibition of smoking in public areas.他们投票赞成禁止在公共场所吸烟。
13 executive Ymlxs     
adj.执行的,行政的;n.执行者,行政官,经理
参考例句:
  • A good executive usually gets on well with people.一个好的高级管理人员通常与人们相处得很好。
  • He is a man of great executive ability.他是个具有极高管理能力的人。
14 legislative K9hzG     
n.立法机构,立法权;adj.立法的,有立法权的
参考例句:
  • Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
  • Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。
15 judicial c3fxD     
adj.司法的,法庭的,审判的,明断的,公正的
参考例句:
  • He is a man with a judicial mind.他是个公正的人。
  • Tom takes judicial proceedings against his father.汤姆对他的父亲正式提出诉讼。
16 militant 8DZxh     
adj.激进的,好斗的;n.激进分子,斗士
参考例句:
  • Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals.一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。
  • He is a militant in the movement.他在那次运动中是个激进人物。
17 interfered 71b7e795becf1adbddfab2cd6c5f0cff     
v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 );调停;妨碍;干涉
参考例句:
  • Complete absorption in sports interfered with his studies. 专注于运动妨碍了他的学业。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I am not going to be interfered with. 我不想别人干扰我的事情。 来自《简明英汉词典》
18 ammunition GwVzz     
n.军火,弹药
参考例句:
  • A few of the jeeps had run out of ammunition.几辆吉普车上的弹药已经用光了。
  • They have expended all their ammunition.他们把弹药用光。
19 rebellion stVyI     
n.造反,叛乱,反抗
参考例句:
  • The next year they rose up in rebellion.第二年他们就揭竿起义了。
  • The new government quickly suppressed the rebellion.新政府迅速把叛乱镇压下去。
20 transcripts 525c0b10bb61e5ddfdd47d7faa92db26     
n.抄本( transcript的名词复数 );转写本;文字本;副本
参考例句:
  • Like mRNA, both tRNA and rRNA are transcripts of chromosomal DNA. tRNA及rRNA同mRNA一样,都是染色体DNA的转录产物。 来自辞典例句
  • You can't take the transfer students'exam without your transcripts. 没有成绩证明书,你就不能参加转学考试。 来自辞典例句

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