法律英语：98 Are Strip Searches in School Legal?

（单词翻译）

By Adam Freedman

Today, a back-to-school special! We take a close look (as it were) at strip searches of students.
But first, your daily dose of legalese: This podcast does not create an attorney-client relationship with any listener. In other words, although I am a lawyer, I’m not your lawyer. In fact, we barely know each other. If you need personalized legal advice, contact an attorney in your community.

In an earlier episode, I discussed the circumstances under which school officials can search students for contraband¹. I’m revisiting the issue because the Supreme² Court recently issued a decision that gives students considerable protection against the most invasive type of search -- the strip search. In just a minute, I’ll discuss the implications of this ruling for students, parents, and schools.
What Rights Do Students Have?
What rights do students have against the prying³ eyes of school officials? It’s a controversial issue and I continue to get calls and emails about student searches. So let me start with a brief recap. The Supreme Court’s decision in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) established that students do not abandon their constitutional rights “at the schoolhouse gate,” as Justice Abe Fortas memorably⁴ put it. One of those rights is the Fourth Amendment⁵’s guarantee against “unreasonable searches and seizures” conducted by representatives of the state.
What Does the Fourth Amendment Say?
Outside of schools, the Fourth Amendment generally means that the police must have “probable cause” to search a suspect. As Justice David Souter recently summarized, that means police may only conduct a search if there is “a fair possibility or a substantial chance” a search will turn up evidence of a crime.
Inside of schools, the Fourth Amendment has been interpreted differently. Ever since the Supreme Court’s 1985 decision in New Jersey⁶ v. T.L.O., school officials may search a student’s outer clothing -- such as jackets or backpacks -- even if there is only a moderate chance of finding any incriminating evidence.
What About Student Strip Searches?
But the constitutional status of strip searches has been in limbo⁷ all these years. In June, the Supreme Court shed light on the issue in the case of Safford v. Redding, a case involving 13-year old Savannah Redding. Redding, who was suspected of distributing prescription⁸ medicines around school, was ordered to strip down to her underwear while female school officials peeked⁹ under her bra and panties to see whether she had any pills stashed¹⁰ there. After that -- and I hope you’re sitting down for this --a lawsuit¹¹ followed.
The Supreme Court held that any search that requires a student to expose his or her private parts “to some degree” is “categorically distinct” under the Constitution. In other words, it requires greater justification¹² than a search of the outer clothing. Specifically, the Court said that a school may conduct this sort of panty-raid only if school officials have evidence that the item they suspect is concealed¹³ is actually dangerous in terms of power (say, a gun) or quantity (say, a bottle of pills), OR they must have some evidence indicating that the contraband item is hidden in that particular student’s underwear.
What the Safford v. Redding Ruling Means
Although the decision certainly enhances the constitutional rights of many students, a few caveats¹⁴ are in order. First, in announcing the decision, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its 1985 TLO decision -- that is, there is still a lower threshold to justify¹⁵ a search of a student’s outer clothing. Secondly¹⁶, the ruling applies only to public schools. Private and parochial schools are not covered by the Fourth Amendment because they are not part of the state. And finally, the Supremes’ ruling applies only to future searches. So if you have already been subjected to a strip search at school, this decision technically¹⁷ won’t make your case any stronger.
Personally, I think there are more legal challenges to come. Now that the Supreme Court has created a crucial distinction between outer clothing and underwear, it’s only a matter of time before schoolboys start putting their boxer¹⁸ shorts on over their trousers, and daring teachers to search them. When that case reaches the Supreme Court, you’ll hear all about it, right here.
Thank you for listening to Legal Lad’s Quick and Dirty Tips for a More Lawful¹⁹ Life. 

I also want to let you know about the new Quick and Dirty Tips audiobook, Money Girl’s 10 Steps to a Debt Free Life by Laura Adams. Did you know that it is better for your credit score to have your debt spread across several credit cards than to max out one?  This is just one of the tips in this incredibly helpful  audiobook.   You can get  Money Girl’s 10 Steps to a Debt Free Life right now on iTunes or Audible.com.

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