VOA标准英语2010年-Extensions Spread 'Lean' Business Idea

（单词翻译）

Almost a century ago, in 1914, the U.S. Congress set up a network of county agricultural agents who showed small farmers how to modernize¹ their methods. This Agricultural Extension Service helped make American farms the most productive in the world.

Planners soon put this idea to work in industry. They set up an elaborate manufacturing extension service that helped turned their agrarian² nation into a dominant³ industrial power.

That nation was not the United States. It was Japan. A network of 170 regional technical centers called Kohsetsushi sent out experts to help Japan's 875,000 small, industrial companies to modernize.
 
National Institute of Standards and Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology uses this illustration to describe the impact of its Manufacturing Extension Partnership⁴ program.

Not until 1989 did the U.S. government stir and begin to build a nationwide manufacturing extension network of its own.

Now that network, called the Manufacturing Extension Partnership under NIST - the National Institute of Standards and Technology - is going strong. It supports industrial extension centers in every state and Puerto Rico. More than 400 all told.

Based at state universities and nonprofit consulting agencies, these centers are more problem solvers and efficiency experts than renowned⁵ pipefitters or notable technicians.
 
North Carolina State University
N.C. State University's Industrial Extension Service advised workers at Cable Assembly, LLC, in Graham, N.C., to keep every size of cable right next to their work pods to improve efficiency.

An example is the Industrial Extension Service at North Carolina State University in the capital city, Raleigh. With funding from the state and federal government, and from fees charged to clients, it advises Carolina furniture manufacturers, pharmaceutical⁶ and medical firms, and other companies how to achieve what it calls lean manufacturing.

Reaching that goal involves cutting inventory⁷, improving on-the-job training and communications, and putting technology that has been successful in one industry to a whole new use in another one - much as auto⁸ plants were converted to bomber⁹ factories during World War II.

In just 4? years, clients report that North Carolina's industrial outreach program has helped them, collectively, to create goods and services worth more than $1 billion