VOA标准英语2011-Experts Say Violence Not Necessarily Link

（单词翻译）

When violent incidents such as the shooting of Arizona Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords and others occur, many people wonder what caused the violence. Some leading researchers say mental illness is not necessarily connected to violence.

It is often the first question that one hears when a violent incident such as the Arizona shootings occurs: Why? And the second question is often about the perpetrator: Is he or she mentally ill?

John Monahan, a psychologist with the University of Virginia's law school, told VOA there are several factors that cause violence, but mental illness is not necessarily a contributor.

University of Virginia
John Monahan, University of Virginia Law School
"It is the case that there is a relationship between mental illness and violence but the relationship is not strong and it is heavily related to whether the mentally ill individual is also abusing alcohol or other drugs, says Monahan.

"People with a major mental illness such as schizophrenia or manic depression, if they are not also on drugs or alcohol - and in particular if they are in mental health treatment - have no higher rates of violence than do their non-disordered neighbors."

The accused shooter in Arizona, Jared Lee Loughner, has not been diagnosed with a mental illness, but news reports have quoted some of Loughner's friends as describing erratic² behavior, marijuana use, and unexplained outbursts in class.

Loughner's own writings posted on the Internet have spoken of his beliefs that the U.S. government was controlling a secret currency, controlling his mind and even controlling the words that make up language.

Police have found notes in his room that say such things as "I planned ahead" and "my assassination³."

Some of his behavior mirrors some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it should be stressed that he has not been diagnosed with that disorder¹.

Duke University
Dr. Marvin Swartz, Duke University
Marvin Swartz, M.D., is a leading researcher specializing in mental illness and violence at Duke University. He says predicting violent outbursts is difficult, but there are risk factors for violent behavior.

"Predicting this kind of level of extreme violence and very tragic⁴ violence is very hard to do because it is so rare, he says, "but in general there are some risk factors for violence among folks with serious mental illness and they include things like substance use, not being in treatment, not adhering with treatment.

Dr. Swartz says there also are environmental factors, particularly if people live in environments that are very disorganized, "essentially⁵ poor neighborhoods where there is a lot ambient crime and substance abuse – all those are risk factors for violence."

Duke University
Social Scientist Jeffrey Swanson studies mental illness and violence in populations
Jeffrey Swanson, a social scientist who studies mental illness and violence in populations says distorted thinking does not necessarily indicate a propensity⁶ to violence.

"The question of whether someone is mentally ill or has distorted thinking should be separated from the question of whether they are likely to commit a violent act because they may or may no, says Swanson. "Lots of people who are mentally ill never commit violent acts."

All three of the researchers contacted for this report said substance abuse is a big factor in violent behavior. All of them said that mental illness coupled with substance abuse can trigger violent episodes.

But Dr. Swartz stressed that a very small percentage of those diagnosed with mental illness ever commit violent acts.

"I think that it's also important to recognize that very little violence in society is attributable to mental illness and that folks who have mental illnesses and are afforded good treatment generally really do not have an elevated risk of violence."

None of those contacted for this report saw a direct connection between political rhetoric⁷ and violent outbursts. All three researchers said that predicting which individuals would become violent is extremely difficult.

Reuters
Jared Lee Loughner, the suspect in the attempted assassination of US Representative Gabrielle Giffords, is shown in this Pima County Sheriff's Forensic⁸ Unit handout⁹ photograph released, 10 Jan 2011
Officials at Pima Community College, where the alleged¹⁰ shooter in Arizona, Jared Lee Loughner, attended classes, told his parents he could only return to class if he underwent a mental health evaluation¹¹. Loughner did not have the evaluation and did not return to class.

None of Lougnner's friends, teachers or his parents asked for a court-appointed counselor¹² to interview him.

News reports quoting his friends and classmates say he had a strained relationship with his parents and that he had difficulty holding a job.

It is not clear whether mental health treatment would have prevented the Arizona shootings, but the researchers contacted for this report say getting treatment is a key element in preventing violent behavior.