主从复合句--宾语从句

（单词翻译）

宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。

①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+... 

② 关于宾语从句连词的选择：

若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;

    若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether¹;

    若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)

例如：They believe³ that the computer will finally⁴ take the place of human⁵ beings⁶.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder⁷ whether I should say something for him to the headmaster⁸. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could¹⁰ get such¹¹ medicine¹². (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? )

③ 宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；

如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth¹³ is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)

④ 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：

language³⁰: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">   be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。) /  I’m afraid he  isn’t  in  at  the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)

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一、宾语从句的连接词：
1、连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。
eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.
2、连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。
eg. Tom don’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
He asked me whether or not I was¹⁴ coming.
一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：
①在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided¹⁵.
②在介词前：It depends¹⁶ on(依靠) whether it is going¹⁷ to rain.
③与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.
3、连接代词who, whom¹⁸, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how，它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义
　　eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.
I wonder where he got¹⁹ so much money.
注意】1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。　
eg. I don’t know how I should do with the presents. è I don’t know how to do with the presents.
2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.
二、宾语从句的语序：
宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结
构。
Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳)
Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √)
The teacher asked the students what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分)
陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said²⁰, “I will leave a message on the desk.”à She said
she would²¹ leave a message on the desk.
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him.
à I asked him where the tickets are.
三、宾语从句的时态呼应：
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受
限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。
eg. I thought²² (that) you are free²³ today. (╳)
I thought (that) you would be free today. ( √)
注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。
eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.
四、其他需要说明的问题：
1、标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。
eg. I heard she had²⁴ been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
2、要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。
▲五、宾语从句和状语从句的区分：
eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow.
2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.
句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从
句，充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否已到达。
判断方法：
1、可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
 　　2、从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当
宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当……的时候”
3．从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连
词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。
e².g. I think (that) differences²⁵ are not important²⁶ in a friendship²⁷.
An old lady said (that) she found²⁸ a job as⁹ a foreign²⁹ language teacher.
They don’t know if (是否)we are going hiking³¹ next weekend
Could you tell me when （什么时候）the train arrives ?
We’ll go to the Great Wall if (如果) it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
=If doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall.
They knew each other when（当……时候）they were children.
=When they were children