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动词的时态

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(单词翻译)

动词的时态

一. 概念:

时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.

.相关知识点精讲

1.一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如:

   I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:

    The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

    Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3) 表示格言或警句。例如:

    Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

    注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:

    I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

    Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。

比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

         I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

2. 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:

   Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:

   When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。     

3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。

            It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed.   你早该睡觉了。

           would had rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4 wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:Christine was an invalid3 all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)

        Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)

        Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

        Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend4 等。例如:

    Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?

    I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2)情态动词 could, would。例如:

    Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?

3.一般将来时

1) shall5用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:

    Which paragraph6 shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

    Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。

     a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

     b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

     c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。

 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:

     We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4)  be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:

     He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

  注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

 4. 一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:

   The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

   When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:

    Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。

    There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。

3)在时间或条件句中。例如:

    When Bill comes (不是will come, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。

    I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。

4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:

    I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

    Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。

 5. 用现在进行时表示将来

  下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:

  I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

  Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?

6. 现在完成时

  现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have has +过去分词。

7. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。

共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately7 等。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

      一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married8等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)

I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)

Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)

Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)

He has been in the League9 for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)

    句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

8. 用于现在完成时的句型 

1It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time that I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:

This is the best film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 

9.过去完成时

1) 概念:表示过去的过去

----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前       那时   现在      

2) 用法

     a. told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:

      She said thatshe had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。

     b. 状语从句

      在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:

      When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。

     c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:

      We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:

       He said that he had learned10 some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。

       By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。

       Tom was disappointed11 that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。

10. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时

1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用thenandbut 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:

    When she saw the mouseshe screamed12. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。

    My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。

2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:

    When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:

    Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

11.将来完成时

 1) 构成will have done

 2) 概念 

a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:

   You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了

12现在进行时

   现在进行时的基本用法:

   a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:

     We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

   b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:

     Mr. Green is writing another novel13. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

  c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:

    The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

    It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

   d. always, constantly14, forever15 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:

    You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

13. 过去进行时

1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。

3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:

   My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.  我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。

   It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。

   When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。

14. 将来进行时

1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:

   She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。

   I'll be meeting him sometime1 in the future. 将来我一定去见他。

注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this eveningon Sunday, by this timetomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。

15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时

When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case that, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

 He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。

16. 一般现在时代替一般过去时

1 "书上说""报纸上说"等。例如:

     The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。

 2) 叙述往事,使其生动。例如:

Napoleon's army now advances16 and the great battle17 begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了

17. 一般现在时代替现在完成时

1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如:

   I hear = have heard he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。

   I forget =have forgotten how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。

2) 用句型 " It is since"代替"It has been since "。例如:

It is = has been five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。

18. 一般现在时代替现在进行时。

Here comes/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:

   There goes the bell. 铃响了。

19. 现在进行时代替将来时

1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如:

   Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?

   We are leaving soon.  我们马上就走。

2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如:

   He is dying18. 他要死了。

20.时态一致

  1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:

   At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。

   He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。

  2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought2, need, must, dare19 的时态是不变的。例如:

   He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。

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1 sometime CwGw2     
adv.将来某一时候;改天
参考例句:
  • He came sometime last month.上个月某个时候他曾经来过。
  • It will happen sometime and somewhere.有朝一日这总会在什么地方发生的。
2 ought XJKx4     
v.aux.应该,大概;n.责任
参考例句:
  • Ought I to hand in the homework today?我应当在今天交上作业吗?
  • They ought to be here by now.他们这个时候该到了。
3 invalid V4Oxh     
n.病人,伤残人;adj.有病的,伤残的;无效的
参考例句:
  • He will visit an invalid.他将要去看望一个病人。
  • A passport that is out of date is invalid.护照过期是无效的。
4 intend o5Wxf     
vt.想要,打算;打算使…为;意指,意思是
参考例句:
  • How long do you intend to stay with the firm?你准备在公司干多久?
  • He did not intend paying the bill.他不打算付账。
5 shall lzFwQ     
v.aux.(主要用于第一人称)将
参考例句:
  • I shall always love you.我将永远爱你。
  • Which club shall we join?我们要参加哪个社团?
6 paragraph yKsxW     
n.段落,短评;vt.将…分段,分段落;vi.写短评
参考例句:
  • Each paragraph begins on a new line.每段都另起一行。
  • There's a paragraph on the matter in the paper.报纸对这件事有一短篇报道。
7 lately q21xT     
adv.最近,不久前
参考例句:
  • I don't like reading novels lately.近来我不喜欢读小说。
  • She's only lately begun working here.最近她才开始在这儿工作。
8 married HBbx9     
adj.已婚的;与…结婚的
参考例句:
  • I heard John got married.我听说约翰结婚了。
  • They got married last autumn.他们在去年秋季结婚。
9 league g1Dxq     
n.同盟,联盟,社团,联合会
参考例句:
  • I'll never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.我永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。
  • Half of the students in our class are League members.我们班有一半学生是团员。
10 learned m1oxn     
adj.有学问的,博学的;learn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
  • In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里,他被视为有学问的人。
11 disappointed I9wyP     
adj.失望的,不满意的,不如意的
参考例句:
  • He seemed disappointed when the man refused his request.当那个人拒绝了他的要求时他看起来很失望。
  • He was disappointed so often that he became hopeless.他屡次失望,以致变为了绝望。
12 screamed 344d784b4edde1c684cf1759d6404e22     
v.(因伤痛、害怕、激动等)尖叫 ~发出尖叫声( scream的过去式和过去分词 );(向某人或为某事)高声喊;发出大而尖的声音;呼啸而过
参考例句:
  • I screamed and everyone stared. 我尖叫一声,众人都盯着我看。
  • The little girl screamed and it took us aback. 小女孩的尖叫声吓了我们一跳。 来自《简明英汉词典》
13 novel o0ayi     
n.小说,长篇故事;adj.新奇的,异常的
参考例句:
  • She spent a peaceful afternoon by the river,reading a novel.她在河边看小说,度过了一个宁静的下午。
  • She finished writing her novel.她完成了她的小说。
14 constantly EvHzqK     
adv.不变地,不断地,时常地
参考例句:
  • The two countries have been warring constantly for years.这两国多年来一直交战。
  • We should constantly urge ourselves on to study hard.我们要经常鞭策自己努力学习。
15 forever ai8xi     
adv.(=for ever)永远;总是
参考例句:
  • Teacher is powerful in a child's eyes forever.老师在孩子们的心中永远是强者。
  • You can't depend on your parents forever.你不能永远依赖你父母。
16 advances 63c48fee1ce172fe703005f5f15c8d91     
接近,友好的表示,求爱; 增长( advance的名词复数 ); 借款; (价格、价值的)上涨
参考例句:
  • Mary rejected Tony's amorous advances. 玛丽拒绝了托尼的挑逗。
  • advances in modern medicine 现代医学的发展
17 battle hQUyv     
n.战斗,战役;斗争;vi.斗争,搏斗
参考例句:
  • People whose marriage has ended often battle over the children.离婚者常为孩子而争斗。
  • This battle is our last chance,we must fight to a finish.这场战斗是我们最后的机会,我们必须战斗到底。
18 dying 1rGx0     
adj.垂死的,临终的
参考例句:
  • He was put in charge of the group by the dying leader.他被临终的领导人任命为集团负责人。
  • She was shown into a small room,where there was a dying man.她被领进了一间小屋子,那里有一个垂死的人。
19 dare qybxH     
n.敢,挑战;aux.敢;vi.敢;vt.敢于,勇于面对
参考例句:
  • He didn't dare to look at her in the face.他不敢正眼看她。
  • How dare you?Take your hand off me at once.放肆!马上把你的手挪开。

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