VOA标准英语2012--Worries Boost Gasoline Prices and Stir Up US Politics

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American Petroleum¹ Institute chief economist² John Felmy blames rising gasoline prices on rising demand for oil by major emerging nations. 

"There is no question that the developing countries use more oil than the developed countries now, and all the forecasts are for that to grow," said Felmy.

Changing fuel prices prompt big energy users such as airlines to purchase contracts that give them the right to buy fuel at a certain price at a certain date, making future costs more certain. But other investors³ buy and sell these futures⁴ contracts in search of profits, with no intention of taking delivery of the oil. 

Critics like Mark Cooper of the Consumer Federation⁵ of America call these investors speculators and say when they pour money into a market, they hurt consumers by boosting demand. 

"Speculation⁶ has driven up the price of oil very substantially from $70 to over $100," said Cooper.

Cooper says better tax laws would calm markets by rewarding longer-term investments, while better regulation could limit the number of contracts a speculator could hold, and limit when they could make deals. 

But other experts say tensions with Iran over its suspected nuclear weapons program are raising prices because economic sanctions or military conflict could cut exports from this major oil producer. 

Mohsin Khan of the Peterson Institute for International Economics says fear of fuel shortages plays more of a role than speculation in current prices. 

He says Washington could ease prices by offering to tap the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve to make up for supply shortages in the event of conflict with Iran. 

"I actually believe that if the United States did announce that they were going to start releasing some [oil] from their stocks, in the event Iranian oil was taken off the market, I believe prices would come down," said Khan.

Gasoline prices in some parts of the United States have gone over $4 a gallon, which is around $1.05 a liter. While that is below the price in many other nations, the rising cost adds up to a political issue. That is because the average American family uses about 3,000 liters a year, and many voters want action from elected officials. But economists⁷ say oil prices are set in the world market, and Washington can do little to change them in the short term. 

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