医学英语会话——猪流感

　　The swine flu virus in the U.S. is the same one causing a deadly epidemic¹ in Mexico. What is swine flu? What can we do about it? WebMD answers your questions.

　　1、猪流感是什么?

　　和人一样,猪也会得流感。有4种不同的A型猪流感病株常在猪之间传播 .最近几种猪流感病毒属于H1N1和H3N2亚型.猪罹患流感后一般不会致死.最新爆发的这种感染人类的猪流感病毒很不同寻常。它有可能已从猪,鸟和人流感病毒中获取了基因片断.并且已从本来不会在北美出现的欧亚猪流感毒株类型里获取了基因。 医学教.育网搜集

　　What Is Swine Flu?

　　Like humans, pigs get the flu. Four different type A swine flu strains commonly circulate among pigs. Most recent swine flu viruses have belonged to the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Pigs typically get sick but usually don't die from swine flu.

　　The new swine flu virus infecting humans is very unusual. It's somehow acquired genes² from swine, bird, and human flu bugs⁴. And it's also got genes from Eurasian swine flu viruses that aren't supposed to be in North America.

　　2、人会得猪流感吗?

　　通常猪流感不会感染人类.美国历史上。每一两年在接触活猪的人群里会有一例感染.但从2005年12月到2009年1月间,人类感染猪流感病例上升了。这段期间出现12例病例。其中11例的病患有直接或间接活猪接触史；剩下这一例未知.这种病例上升可能和疾病报控系统完善有关,但疾病控制和预防中心CDC指出“猪流感病毒的基因变化和其他因素可能也有关系。”这种新病毒与以往不同。它正在感染人类,世卫组织官员正密切关注其发展.

　　Do Humans Get Swine Flu?

　　Normally, swine flu bugs don't infect people. Historically, there's a case every year or two in the U.S. among people who have contact with live pigs.

　　But from December 2005 to January 2009 there was an uptick in swine flu cases. There were 12 human swine flu infections during this time. Eleven of these people had direct or indirect contact with pigs; in the twelfth case it was not known whether there was pig contact.

　　It's possible this uptick was due to improved reporting systems, but the CDC says "genetic⁵ changes in swine flu viruses and other factors might also be a factor."

　　The new swine flu virus is different. It's not yet clear that it's here to stay. But it is infecting humans, and that has world health officials keeping a close eye on it.

　　3、 猪流感会在人群之间蔓延吗? 医.学教育网整理

　　美国发现的感染猪流感病人没有直接接触过猪。CDC说这种感染可能是大范围内的人-人传染个案。

　　Can Swine Flu Spread From Person to Person?

　　The U.S. residents infected with swine flu virus had no direct contact with pigs. The CDC says it's likely that the infections represent widely separated cycles of human-to-human infections.

　　4、 猪流感的症状? The Symptoms of Swine Flu

　　What Are the Symptoms of Swine Flu?

　　Swine flu symptoms are similar to regular flu symptoms and include cough, sore throat, fever, chills, headache, and fatigue⁶. Some patients have also reported nausea⁷恶心 and diarrhea腹泻. There is no easy way to distinguish swine flu from other types of flu or other germs. It takes a lab test to tell whether it's swine flu.

　　猪流感症状：

　　与感冒类似，出现发烧、咳嗽、疲劳、食欲不振等

　　5、以前有过猪流感爆发吗?

　　如果你曾经听到过猪流感,很可能是你回忆起了或者读到过1976年那次在新泽西Fort Dix的猪流感在入伍新兵里的爆发.那一次持续了一个月然后消失了。来得突然,去得也很神秘. 当时有240例感染;死亡一例。 在Fort Dix传播的是H1N1型猪流感毒株,与导致灾难性瘟疫的1918-1919年流感相同,那场灾难夺走了上千万人的生命。（1976年）出于一种新H1N1病株大流行可能随着冬季卷土重来的担心， 导致一次匆忙上马的项目,以发明一种猪流感疫苗并对所有美国人接种. 那次疫苗项目后来问题百出-- 其中包括公众恐慌导致了过多的危险的过激反应，这还算小麻烦.在4000多万美国人接种后,这个徒劳的努力被放弃了。目前证实尚无猪流感大流行事件。医.学教.育网搜.集整理

　　Have There Been Previous Swine Flu Outbreaks?

　　If swine flu sounds familiar to you, it's probably because you remember or have read about the 1976 swine flu outbreak at Fort Dix, N.J., among military recruits. It lasted about a month and then went away as mysteriously as it appeared. As many as 240 people were infected; one died.

　　The swine flu that spread at Fort Dix was the H1N1 strain. That's the same flu strain that caused the disastrous⁸ flu pandemic of 1918-1919, resulting in tens of millions of deaths.

　　Concern that a new H1N1 pandemic might return with winter led to a crash program to create a vaccine⁹ and vaccinate¹⁰ all Americans against swine flu. That vaccine program ran into all kinds of problems -- not the least of which was public perception that the vaccine caused excessive rates of dangerous reactions. After more than 40 million people were vaccinated¹¹, the effort was abandoned.

　　As it turned out, there was no swine flu epidemic.

　　6、我打过流感针了，我对猪流感免疫吗?

　　不能,目前还没有猪流感疫苗。有可能季节性的流感疫苗会对H3N2型猪流感病毒提供部分抗体。但在加州出现的是H1N1型毒株.与人类流感H1N1毒株区别很大.先前接种过人型H1N1流感疫苗是否能部分抵御此次爆发的猪型H1N1病毒。目前不得而知。然而，CDC已经从一位被感病人身上提取出的猪流感病毒里开发出一个“疫苗种”，并已启动一旦需要立即开发的程序。是否需要在下一个流感季节到来前批量生产是个大问题。

　　It's possible that the seasonal¹² flu vaccine might provide partial protection against H3N2 swine flu bugs. But the strain that appeared in California is the H1N1 swine flu strain. It is very different from the H1N1 human flu strain included in the seasonal flu vaccine.

　　It's not known whether previous infection with human type A H1N1 flu might provide partial protection against the type A H1N1 swine flu in the current outbreak.

　　However, the CDC has made a "vaccine seed" from swine flu isolated¹³ from an infected person, and has begun the process of developing a vaccine should the need arise. Whether a vaccine could be produced in quantity by next flu season is a huge question.

　　Is There a Treatment for Swine Flu?

　　Yes. While the swine flu bug³ is resistant¹⁴ to older flu medicines, it remains¹⁵ sensitive to Tamiflu and to Relenza.

　　7、 猪流感流行对公共卫生安全的威胁有多严重?

　　任何流感大流行都令人不安，特别是当一种新型毒株介入的时候。CDC警告“能有效地在人与人之间传播并致病的新（对人）流感A病毒,都很可能是疾病大爆发的威胁。”不同于季节性流感,令人担忧的是,此次墨西哥爆发的猪流感攻击健康的年轻人。这是会导致大流行的病毒的标志特点。但要在人类间制造一次流感大流行还需要不止新病毒一种诱因.病毒必须从一个人有效地传播到下一个,并长时间持续这种传播能力。另外，病毒还得在广泛地域传播.

　　How Serious Is the Public Health Threat of a Swine Flu Epidemic?

　　Any flu epidemic is worrisome, especially when a new strain of flu bug is involved.

　　"Influenza¹⁶ A viruses new to the human population that are able to efficiently¹⁷ transmit from person to person and cause illness may represent a pandemic threat," the CDC warns.

　　It's worrisome that, unlike seasonal flu, the swine flu outbreak in Mexico is attacking healthy young people. That's a hallmark of pandemic flu bugs.

　　But it takes more than a new virus spreading among humans to make a pandemic. The virus has to be able to spread efficiently from one person to another, and transmission has to be sustained over time. In addition, the virus has to spread geographically¹⁸.

　　8、猪流感能治吗?

　　是的.虽然对老的流感药有耐药性,它仍对达菲(Tamiflu)和乐感清(Relenza) 很敏感。

　　I Got a Flu Shot. Am I Protected Against Swine Flu?

　　No. There is currently no swine flu vaccine.

　　9、 吃猪肉会得猪流感吗?

　　不会，你只有在一头病猪附近呆过才会得病--或者，如果这次真是一种新型猪流感病毒的话，也能从被感染的人那里得病.

　　Can You Get Swine Flu by Eating Pork?

　　No. You can only catch swine flu from being around an infected pig -- or, if it's the new swine flu virus, from an infected person.

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