VOA标准英语2013--Doctors Say Not All Women with Jolie Condition Need Preventive Mastectomies

（单词翻译）

Doctors Say Not All Women with Jolie Condition Need Preventive Mastectomies

She's beautiful, glamorous¹, and known for being outspoken² whether it's about refugees or women's rights. Angelina Jolie's decision to have both breasts surgically³ removed when she doesn't have cancer, has put the spotlight⁴ on preventive surgery.  

Jolie's mother died of cancer when she was 56 years old. The actress said her children wanted to know if she would, too.  Jolie said genetic⁵ tests put her chances of getting breast cancer at 87 percent and at 50 percent for ovarian cancer.     

Doctors have found that certain genetic mutations can increase the odds⁷ of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The two major genes⁸ associated with hereditary⁹ breast and ovarian cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2.   

One study found that if a woman develops BRCA-related cancer early in life, her daughter may get cancer even earlier than she did -- if she inherited the genetic mutation⁶.

Women with BRCA-related breast cancer have the same rate of survival as other breast cancer patients at the same stage. But Dr. Marc Boisvert of Medstar Washington Hospital says there's a significant difference.

"The problem is that these cancers frequently appear in younger women, and younger women tend to have more aggressive cancers, and they’re not suspecting them," Boisvert said.  

Women in their 20s and 30s are not likely to be screened for breast cancer.  Those most likely to have the BRCA mutations are of east European Jewish descent. But "you can have it if you’re black, white, Hispanic, Chinese, Asian, any ethnic¹⁰ group can have it," Boisvert  said.

The National Cancer Institute recommends genetic testing if close relatives have had breast or ovarian cancer. But not having the BRCA1 or 2 mutations is not an all-clear sign. And having the genetic marker doesn't mean getting the disease is a given. But geneticists can come up with the likely odds -- which is why Jolie said her chance of getting breast cancer was 87 percent.    

The cost for genetic testing can run into the thousands of dollars.

The preventive surgery can lower the odds to less than five percent, but Boisvert says surgery isn't the only choice.

"I think education is important here because you can get peace of mind knowing that you are being monitored very carefully and knowing what the numbers are, what the chances of recurrence¹¹ are,” Boisvert  said.

Boisvert says in the end, the patient needs to be comfortable with her care, whether it involves careful monitoring or surgery.