VOA标准英语2013--US Oil Surge Could Impact Mideast Geopolitics

（单词翻译）

US Oil Surge Could Impact Mideast Geopolitics

The IEA report describes a 'supply shock' from the United States rippling¹ through world oil markets.

"The key to it is the resurgence² of shale³ development in the United States," John Mitchell, an oil market analyst⁴ at policy institute Chatham House in London. "It has been building up over some years, but only in the last three years has it reached big proportions."

Shale oil and gas are extracted using pressurized fluid to blast the product out from the rock, a process known as hydraulic⁵ fracturing or 'fracking.' Some U.S. states and European countries have banned the practice over fears that it may cause pollution and even earthquakes.

But the technology will help the United States become largely self-sufficient in oil by 2035, according to the IEA. U.S. gas production is expected to overtake Russia.

When that happens, the concept of energy security will no longer dictate⁶ U.S. foreign policy.

"Will the Middle East still be so dependent on U.S. military support?" Mitchell asked. "I am sure the answer is probably yes, but maybe the U.S. does not have quite the same interest in that as it did before."

A more energy self-sufficient United States has dramatic implications for Middle East politics, according to Christopher Davidson of England's University of Durham, and  author of the book After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse⁷ of the Gulf⁸ Monarchies⁹.

"What we are also likely to see is the United States start to hedge its positions a bit better on the Gulf monarchies," Davidson said. "As it loses the dependent nature of this economic partnership¹⁰, we are perhaps starting to see the U.S. already starting to reach out to opposition¹¹ groups in Bahrain, for example, and increasingly in Saudi Arabia."

In the midst of the Arab Spring, Davidson says many oil-rich Gulf monarchies are trying to pacify¹² their populations with government handouts¹³. Falling receipts from oil exports could trigger political upheaval¹⁴.

"Within just a couple of years we'll have a public spending deficit¹⁵ in most of the Gulf monarchies," Davidson said. "At the same time, we are also seeing the demonstration¹⁶ effect of the Arab Spring in Syria and north Africa starting to embolden¹⁷ the people of these countries. They are no longer willing to tolerate autocracy¹⁸."

Davidson says Gulf states will be gearing their oil exports eastwards¹⁹ in the coming decades.

"However, what is missing is the security relationship that the Western powers have historically provided to the Gulf," he said. "The Gulf states know, and I suspect they are bluffing²⁰, that China and the Pacific Asian states cannot replace the West as this ultimate security guarantor."

Analysts²¹ say the oil boom will give the U.S. economy a competitive advantage with cheap energy supplies no longer vulnerable to global geopolitics.