赖世雄高级美国英语 lesson 29

（单词翻译）

　　Hello, everyone. Welcome again to Radio English on Sunday.
This is Bruce,/ and this is Peter.
/ Today on page two hundred forty, we'll take a look at unit twenty nine with you; we call it "the fundamentals of public speaking."/..
/ "Fundamentals" are like the ABC's, of something as we say in English. These are the most important fundations or basics of anything that you might want to study or to do. "Public speaking" can be an art form, in which a person addresses a large group of people, or the purpose of entertainment or sometimes inform them. Sometimes it's more of a skill and it's a very important skill that if you're in business, or in education, in which you have to present your ideas to a large group of people, and try to convince them of something or to teach them something.
/ "The fundamentals of Public speaking", ---> the basic elements of public speaking. "Basic" 这个字也可以当名词用，但要加一个s. --> the basics of public speaking. ---> the basic elements, adj, --->the ABC's of public speaking. ABC's, 在现代英语中这个' 一般也都不写出来了。
/Exactly. Ok, let's find out about this. I mad public speaking coach myself and I had a lot of luck, having some national winners here in Taiwan, and I think public speaking is both an art and a business skill; it's a very important skill to have, if you're going into a profession. I hope you'd agree with me by the end of our program.
Let's take a look now at the first paragraph.
What is the most terrifying experience for most people? Is it drowning? Is it falling from a high place to their death? Is it being attacked by wild dogs? Though these experiences would certainly frighten most people, according to a recent poll, most people fear standing¹ on a stage in front of a group of people to deliver a speach more than anything else, including the above life-threatening scenarios³. What is going on here? Why is public speaking so menacing to most people?
________民意测验 mass observation，也用这个字poll. 同时表示投票选举的地方，投票。
______scenario, 来自于scene,An outline of the plot of a dramatic or literary work.
情节梗概戏剧情景或文学作品的梗概A screenplay.
电视剧An outline or a model of an expected or a supposed sequence of events:
预料或期望的一系列事件的梗概或模式：
揑n the scenario² posed by many climatologists, decades of continued global warming would raise sea levels anywhere from 20 inches to more than 11 feet as the polar ice caps melt and the ocean's upper layers expand?San Francisco Chronicle)“在许多气候学家提出的设想中，随着南北两极冰层顶部的融化和海洋表层的扩大，几十年来全球不断地变暖，将使每个地方的海平面上升20英寸到11英尺多”(旧金山记事)_____menacing,adj.
威胁的, 险恶的a menacing attitude威胁的态度a menacing weather险恶的天气This really was true. I know you may find this hard to believe, Peter, but I saw a poll, they asked a lot number of people, what is the most frightening experience they could think of, or imagine themselves to be in, would be, I think they had prepared already, maybe, ten or twelve of these life-threatening experiences, but the one that wasn't life threatening, public speaking was the one which came out on top in the poll. Much to the surprise of the poll takers. Delivering a speach in public is something some people would rather kill themselves than do, and I can explain to you during this article, why that feeling of great fear or what we call "stage fright", how this arises or how this comes to be.
/ stage fright,Ok, let's find out why it is as we go through the next paragraph.
Coaches of public speaking are fond of noting that public speaking is an unnatural⁴ act. This is a tongue-in-cheek definition. Though people usually think of kinky sex as an unnatural act, public speaking is in one important way unnatural. Human communication is inseparable from the human condition. That is, we actually spend more time in communicating with others, including listening to pre-recorded spoken information, than we do anything else except breathing. There is, in other words, nothing unnatural in communicating. Standing on the stage in front of a group of people to deliver a speach, however, is certainly unnatural. In no other situation do so many humans have to keep quiet, watch the speaker attentively⁵ and keep their minds on the message without an opportunity to respond. In no other situation can one speaker command silence of an entire group of people. The responsibility on both sides is taxing, hence, the very act of speaking in public breaks the natural rules of human discourse⁶, and is thus unnatural.
So, we say that public speaking is an unnatural act, usually when we see that phrase, we start to think of "unusual sexual practices, " or "kinky sex". However, this is a fun way to describe public speaking even though speaking and listening are part of our daily human experience, and we spend many hours talking or listening to others, public speaking is a very special kind of human discourse. One person speaks, and only one person, and that person doesn't listen to the audience. The audience has to listen only; they cannot interrupt or should not interrupt the speaker, even at the end of the speach, there is not necessarily a question-and-answer period. Once the speach is finished, everybody goes home, or the speaker leaves the stage. All of this we can say is "unnatural", and because it's unnatural, we call this feeling as stress, tension, anxiety, in both the speaker and the audience. That is what naturally happens.
/ Perhaps we'll also have to think of this very fact that while you are talking to people you are acquaint with, you do not feel any fright, but, for example, when you talk to your parents or your sisters and brothers , in a group, of course, you know, you don't feel any timid, so to speak. But once, you know, talk to a group of people that are new to you, strange to you, then all of a sudden, you act every strangely.
/ Right. When you are speaking with people you already know, don't forget, they can talk back to you. They have the freedom to ask you a question, or to tell you, that you are crazy, you know, ahh, "shut up", or "oh, I don't agree," or "what was that again?" ; but in public speaking, the audience is not supposed to say anything, and this situation causes a kind of tension between the audience and the speaker.
/ Yeah, I would say so.
Well, let's continue and find out more about what we can call the dynamics⁷ of public speaking. This means the energy between the speaker and the audience. I'll spell that for you, dynamics. 8:22The result of this unnatural act is to make both the speaker and the audience somewhat nervous in their new roles as dominant⁸ speakers and submissive audience. Most people do not understand the mechanics of crowd control or public speaking, and they are terrified by even the notion of appearing alone in front of what many perceive as a hostile group of people. Actually, the audience should be pitied, not the speaker. Who wants to sit through a long boring speach; who wants to sit and have to listen without the chance to respond to the speaker? Accomplished⁹ public speakers learn to accept the tension between the audience and the stage and work with it. These savvy¹⁰ speakers have some tips for novice¹¹ speakers.
_______savvy,adj.
sav.vi.er; sav.vi.est;Well informed and perceptive¹²; shrewd:
有见识和精明能干的：
savvy Washington insiders.
精明的华盛顿人savvyn.
Practical understanding or shrewdness:
实际知识或才智：
a banker known for financial savvy.
以金融技能著称的银行家________novice,n.
A person new to a field or activity; a beginner.
生手刚进入某一领域或活动的人；新手Well, here we discuss some of the dynamics between the stage and the audience, the dominant speaker and submissive audience; that's how most people think of public speaking. But we public speaking coachers have ways to help speakers make the audience feel more relaxed, and enjoy the speaker's speach. By doing this, the positive energy or the positive dynamics from the audience stimulates¹³ the speaker, encourages the speaker, and then it becomes almost the two-way (street) of communication, even though it is non-verbal, which we talked to you about before in an earier lesson. By understanding this and working with it, a public speaker can have a great deal of fun speaking and fun to the group of people, who are eager to hear that speaker's message.
/ Uhh..do I have the hint that you are trying to say is that, what you're trying to say is that speakers is supposed to act like a clown or something...
/ Oh, no no, but the speaker should try to make the audience feel comfortable, and to accept the speaker as one of the audience. So there is no barrier between the two. The speaker is just another guy on the stage like the audience, who has the responsibility to deliver an interesting and usually informative¹⁴ speach to the audience.
/ So, the speaker is supposed to find some ways to encourage the audience to identify themselves with the speaker..
/ Yeah. We have many techniques to do this. I know, Peter, you are well aware of the phrase "break the ice", between the stage and the audience, this is the first job of the speaker.
/...
/ No no no, because then you'll look silly and the audience won't respect you. So, you should not sing and dance and laugh on the stage to the audience's attention---You already have that attention. But you should work with that in a way, so that the audience can consider you not a dominant speaker, but just one of them who's going to deliver an interesting and informative speach.
Well, here are some tips in case you are a novice speaker, which means that if you don't have any or have very little experience on stage. 12:11An obvious suggestion is to be well-prepared. Though it's not a good idea to write out the speech and memorize it, this is a recitation, not a speach. Preparing an outline of the main ideas of the topic in logical order is. Further, practising your speech out loud will help the speak identify the strong and weak parts of the speech.
In this paragraph we give you some ideas to help you get ready for your speech before you are on the stage; and now it's not important what language you're using. Whether you're using your mother tongue? For most of our listeners that would be Mandarin¹⁵, or a foreign language like German, Spanish or English. You should be well-prepared so that you know what you want to say, and you know in order what you want to say. This does not mean that you should memorize your speech. If you memorize a speech, it's no longer public speaking, it is what we call a recitation. Just as though you were memorizing the lines to a play, to deliver in front of the audience. At least in a play we know that you didn't write those words, somebody else did. But if it's your speech but you sound like you are memorizing somebody else's words, it leads the audience feeling disappointed, as though you're not talking to them; you are talking to your script. You are just trying to memorize your script and you don't even know if there is audience there. Now this is hard to accept for most novice speakers but do not memorize your speech, know your speech, but don't memorize it.
/ ...
I am Robot, ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure...(Peter says this using a word-by-word way.)/ Ahh...How many times have I heard that and wanted to ...
/ Uhh!... So, could you please give a demonstration¹⁶?
/ Well, think of an interesting story to tell, which leads you into your topic, uhh, sometimes it's a joke, sometimes it is a real story that happened to you, and if it happened to you, you can remember it very easily. Use quotation¹⁷, from a famous person or famous source, if it is related to your topic. That'll help you to get into your speech material.
/ Do we always have to begin our speech, you know, with such words as "it is my pleasure to ..."?
/ No, no no. Start right with your quotation, your story, your joke, something like this, and then when you finish, you can say, and don't you think honorable judges, ladies and gentlemen, and my dear audience, that this quotation or joke, uhh, will lead us into our story.
Well, let's continue with our story here.
Another good idea is to face the audience. The audience, after all, is the object of the endeavor. By noting their expressions, a speaker can often monitor whether he is speaking loudly enough: too quickly or slowly, at too difficult a level, etc. "Sweeping¹⁸" the audience with one's attention, looking at all sections of the audience at one time or another and regularly, helps the audience keep the attention focused on the speaker.
Quickly here, this paragraph reminds us that we have to look at our audience. Many novice speakers look at their script, or look up into the ceiling, or at the door as though they want to run off the stage. :P This is disrespectful to an andience. You should at least look at them, because they're not allowed to talk during your speech, so at least engage their attention by looking at them.
/ to make an endeavor to do something, ---> to make an effort to do something,He is making every endeavor to help the poor.
He is making every effort to help the poor.
Let's continue on the next page.
The most important of these suggestions, however, is simply to be sincere. The sixteen President of the United Sates, AproHam Linkon, said, you can fool some of the people all of the time, you can fool all the people some of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time. These profound words are applicable to speakers in public. Since the audience is observing and listening to the speaker closely, it is vertually impossible for a speaker to fake-sounding confident if he is not, nor is it possible for the speaker to convince an audience of his conviction if he himself is not convinced.
When I teach or coach my students in public speaking, I give them a lot of tips. But I always tell them that the most important one is to be sincere, even if you are sincerely nervous. It's ok to show that you are nervous, because then you are being yourself, you are being real, and audience will forgive you for being nervous because they are happy that you are on the stage and they are not.
// So they accept this from you whether you are nervous or not, no matter how you feel or what you think. Be sincere. The audience can figure you out if you are being a phony, or if you are trying your best, and they won't respect a phony.
/ In other words, you should try to be what you are.
to convince somebody of something, 说服某人相信某事，注意要用of,He is trying to convince me of his innocence¹⁹.
__________________phony,adj.
pho.ni.er; pho.ni.est;Not genuine or real; counterfeit²⁰:
假冒的，不真实的；假的：
a phony credit card.
伪造的信用卡False; spurious:
虚伪的；假的：
a phony name.
假名Not honest or truthful²¹; deceptive²²:
不诚实或不真诚的；欺骗的：
a phony excuse.
不实的借口Insincere or hypocritical.
不真诚的，虚伪的Giving a false impression of truth or authenticity²³; specious²⁴.
伪善的给人以诚实或真诚的假象；貌似有理的phonyalsophoneyn.
pl. pho.nies;alsophoneys【复数】 pho.nies;也作phoneysSomething not genuine; a fake.
假货，赝品One who is insincere or pretentious²⁵.
伪君子虚伪或自负的人An impostor; a hypocrite.
骗子，冒名顶替者Alright. Let's finish with our concluding paragraph.
Following the simple tips listed above will improve the speaker's performance in public. Like any other skill or art, the more one practises, the better he is likely to become. Public speaking is not only for speech contests; all professionals must present themselves in public sooner or later. Rather than shirking the opportunity to speak, seize it, and make the most of it, the next time fortune knocks.
This may sound fuuny at the end of those who have staged right or who are terrified of public speaking that if you must speak publicly, that this could be seen as an opportunity. The next time fortune knocks, if you are lucky enough to become a public speaker, you can be a good one just by practising the simple tips listed above. And one of them I didn't stress enough, that is practise out loud. And remember, each time you speak, your speech will be slightly different. The sentences will be different, the words will be different, but the ideas will be the same, and they should be in the order that you want to present them. Don't worry about fixing or memorizing which sentences then your delivery will be poor. If you memorize your outlines and your most important points, don't worry; the words will come to you, the sentences will come to you, because the idea is clear in your mind.
/ I still remember what my teachers taught, uhh, told me that if you want to practise public speaking, also another good way is to look into the mirror and see what you're doing. You should face your expressions ..you can improve by looking, keep on, looking into the mirror all the time and then gradually you will find that you can avoid ..making some mistakes, or things like that.
/ But that could be expensive.
/ What do you mean (for?) that?
/ You are cracking all those mirrors.
// I should not 开玩笑 there, I love to kid Peter, but actually that is a very good technique, then you get used to knowing what you look like in front of the audience. And you'll be less nervous because of it.
Let's go back for our final rereading of unit twenty nine, the fundamentals of public speaking.
2134/ Also, keep in mind that not everyone is born a public speaker, it takes time and patience and a lot of effort, you know, to learn to become a very good or successful public speaker.
/ I should say that Peter is a highly successful speaker here in Taiwan. He is frequently invited to give a speech at schools, and the kids and the teachers love to hear his speech. There's a lot of fun on stage. You can be, too. Follow these tips.
...
_____________Pan. 2003. 7.
Unit 29 The Fundamentals of Public Speaking. 演讲的基本要素What is the most terrifying experience for most people? Is it drowning? Is it falling from a high place to their death? Is it being attacked by wild dogs? Though these experiences would certainly frighten most people, according to a recent poll, most people fear standing on a stage in front of a group of people to deliver a speech more than anything else, including the above life-threathening scenarios! What is going on here? Why is public speaking so menacing to most people?
Coaches of public speaking are fond of noting that public speaking "is an unnatural act." This is a tongue-in-cheek definition. Though people usually think of kinky sex as an "unnatural act" public speaking is in one important way unnatural. Human communication is inseparable from the human condition; that is, we actually spend more time in communicating with others (including listening to prerecorded spoken information) than we do anything else except breathing. There is, in other words, nothing unnatural in communicating. Standing on a stage in front of a group of people to deliver a speech, however, is certainly unnatural. In no other situation do so many humans have to keep quiet, watch the speaker attentively, and keep their minds on the message without an opportunity to respond. In no other situation can one speaker command the silence of an entire group of people. The responsibility on both sides is taxing; hence, the very act of speaking in public breaks the natural rules of human discourse and is thus unnatural.
The result of this unnatural act is to make both the speaker and the audience somewhat nervous in their new roles as dominant speaker and submissive audience. Most people do not understand the mechanics of crowd control or public speaking and are terrified by even the notion of appearing alone in front of what many perceive as a hostile group of people. Actually, the audience should be pitied, not the speaker. Who wants to sit through a long, boring speech? Who wants to sit and have to listen, whthout the chance to respond to the speaker? Accomplished public speakers learn to accept that tension between the audience and the stage and work with it. These savvy speakers have some tips for novice speakers.
An obvious suggestion is to be well prepared. Though it is not a good idea towrite out a speech and memorize it (this is a recitation, not a speech), preparing an outline of the main ideas of the topic in logical order is. Further, practicing the speech out loud will help the speaker identify the strong and weak parts of the speech.
Another good idea is to face the audience. The audience, after all, is the object of the endeavor. By noting their expressions, a speaker can often monitor whether he is speaking loudly enough, too quickly or slowly, at too difficult a level, etc. "Sweeping" the audience with one's attention ---looking at all sections of the audience at one time or another and regularly---helps the audience keep its attention focused on the speaker.
The most important of these suggestions, however, is simply to be sincere. The 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, said, "You can fool some of the people all of the time. You can fool all of the people some of hte time. But you can't fool all of the people all of the time." These profound words are applicable to speakers in public. Since the audience is observing and listening to the speaker closely, it is virtually impossible for a speaker to fake sounding confident if he is not, nor is it possible for the speaker to convince an audience of his conviction if he himself is not convinced.
Following the simple tips listed above will improve a speaker's performance in public. Like any other skill or art, the more one practices, the better he is likely to become. Public speaking is not only for speech contests; all professionals must present themselves in public sooner or later. Rather than shirking the opportunity to speak, seize it and make the most of it the next time fortune knocks.
**************fundamentals, 常用复数，基本原理，基本要素The fundamentals of language learning include pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
scenario, n, 脚本，可能出现的情节Mr. Johnson described the scenario of increased production and higher market share to enlist²⁶ our support for his proposal.
tongue-in-cheek: 以玩笑看待的，不认真的，开玩笑的，地，Meant or expressed ironically or facetiously²⁷.
假心假意的带挖苦味道或以吹毛求疵的态度表达的；带有这种意味的adj.不认真的, 不当真的, 半开玩笑的adv.无诚意地Though she knew he had failed the test, Maria taunted²⁸ Erik with the tongue-in-cheek comment, "I suppose you aced²⁹ the test, huh, Erik?"kinky, adj, 古怪的，怪异的，Kinky sex acts shouldn't be encouraged.
Showing or appealing to bizarre or deviant tastes, especially of a sexual or erotic nature:
taxing, adj, 辛苦的，吃力的，Burdensome; wearing: tiring,As far as I'm concerned, teaching is taxing but fun.
accomplished, adj, 有才艺的，有造诣的，娴熟的，熟练的，skilled, expert,By practising the cello³⁰ for many years with all his heart and concentration, Yo-yo Ma has become an accomplished musician.
accomplished facts既成事实an accomplished scholar有成就的学者an accomplished lady才女be accomplished in, 专长于，精通，擅长于，accomplish, v, 达到，完成，实现，savvy, 有专业知识的，novice, 初学的，无经验的，convince,convince + sb + of + sth. = convince + sb. + that ...
David convinced me of the feasibility of his idea.
David convinced me that his idea was feasible.
convinced, adj, 相信的，I am convinced that Peter will offer me help.
I am sure that Peter will offer me help.
convincing, 令人信服的，conviction. n, 坚信，信念，faith, persuation,---a fixed³¹ or strong blief.--the state of being convinced.
Only with diligence and conviction can young people reach their goals.