专业术语—口腔生理学术语A2(英文详解)

（单词翻译:单击）

    Ameloblasts- cells which differentiate¹ from ectoderm and secrete² enamel³ during tooth development.

    Amino acids - building blocks of proteins containing a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group(NH2) both attached to the same carbon atom . The difference between the 20 common amino acids lies in the nature of a side chain the "R" group. Each amino acid, has a code of three adjacent nucleotides on the DNA⁴ molecule⁵. Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides and proteins.

    Amorphous⁶ calcium⁷ phosphate - a non crystalline form of apatite which may form as much as30% of bone mineral.

    Amygdala- part of the limbic system, which seems to provide the emotional assessment⁸ of a new sensation with the memory of a similar sensation.

    Anaerobic⁹ respiration¹¹ - the first step in the production of ATP is to break down glucose¹². This process of glycolysis is a 10 step series of reactions leading finally to the smaller molecule pyruvate. The energy derived¹³ from this process is a hydrogen ion and an electron, which are both placed onto the carrier molecule as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH+). As the pyruvate and NAD H+ are produced they could move into the mitochondria, for the nextstage of aerobic¹⁰ respiration, provided oxygen is available. If there is no oxygen, NAD H H+ is used in a process of substrate phosphorylation to form ATP. But the pyruvate builds up. It is then converted to lactic¹⁴ acid and removed to the liver. If lactic acid is not removed fast enough it causes muscle weakness and pain. Anaerobic glycolysis does not produce a high yield of energy. There are still high energy bonds remaining in the pyruvate and there is no benefit from the large yield of ATP made possible by the electron transport system in the mitochondria

    Angiogenesis - the development of blood vessels¹⁵ - a key event in embryology and healing.

    Ankylosis - bony fusion¹⁶ of the two surfaces of a joint¹⁷ to each other, which prevents movement. Ankylosis of the tooth root to its bony socket¹⁸ may causes root resorption.

    Antibacterial - inhibiting²⁰ the growth of bacteria.

    Antibodies -are proteins called immunoglobulins which circulate in the blood and body fluids. They bind²¹ specifically to antigens that have induced them. Antibodies are able to inactivate²² bacterial¹⁹ toxins²³, viruses and help phagocytes to engulf²⁴ whole bacteria. They have a vital role to play in the bodies immune response to foreign proteins.

    Antigens - proteins, usually foreign, which cause the bodies defense²⁵ system to produce an antibody. Antigens may be food proteins, bacteria ,viruses or protozoa or cells from another individual(transplant).

    Antrum - a hollow cave or SINUS, inside the maxillary bone which is lined by respiratory epithelium.