专业术语—口腔生理学术语G1(英文详解)

（单词翻译:单击）

    Gangrene - the death of tissue on a large scale. May be caused by certain bacteria which spread rapidly through tissues, or by an inadequate¹ blood supply.

    Ganglion - a collection of nerve cells usually found outside the central nervous system, from which axons arrive from the periphery² and proceed to the spinal³ cord or brain.

    Gene⁴ cloning - a technique which uses recombinant DNA⁵, inserted into a host cell as a plasmid which reproduces copies of itself, and hence the inserted gene, many times

    Generic⁶ - belonging to the same main group. For example generic medicines are identified by the main group they fall into rather than by their trade names.

    Genes⁷ - the unit of inheritance that transmits information from one cell to its daughters and hence to the next generation. A gene consists of a specific series of DNA nucleotides. Each three nucleotides is the code for an amino acid. Humans have about 200,000 genes which collectively are know as the genome.

    Genetic⁸ engineering - see recombinant DNA.

    Genome - the complete complement⁹ ofgenetic material in a species.

    Gingival crevice¹⁰ fluid - a secretion¹¹ found in the gingival sulcus, formed by the cells attaching the gingival epithelium to the tooth.

    Gingival sulcus - a potential space between the gingival margin¹² and the tooth, lined by non-keratinised epithelium. The depth of the sulcus is normally between 1 and 2 mm in health.

    Gingivitis - an inflammation of the gingival mucosa, due to the increase in the virulence¹³ or mass of bacteria in the gingival sulcus, or to reduced resistance of the host.

    Glands¹⁴ - a collection of cells secreting¹⁵ a specific product such as insulin or sweat.

    Glucocorticoids - one of the two major hormones¹⁶ secreted¹⁷ by the adrenal medulla. The most common glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone) but they all share the common effect of increasing blood glucose¹⁸ concentration. They may achieve this at the cost of body protein stores, by converting amino acids into glucose. Cortisol also converts fatty acids into glucose. Any type of stress, including trauma¹⁹, infection, fear, anxiety or malnutrition²⁰ causes an increase in cortisol secretion. Cortisol stabilises the membrane²¹ of lysosomes, which are then unlikely to rupture²², a process which stimulates²³ inflammation. Cortisol therfore inhibits²⁴ inflammation. Cells like neutrophils, are less able to protect the body from foreign proteins. Stress therefore reduces the bodies ability to cope with infection. Malnutrition not only stunts²⁵ mental and physical development but also allows viral, bacterial²⁶ and parasitic²⁷ infections to flourish.