专业术语—口腔生理学术语G2(英文详解)

（单词翻译:单击）

    Glucosamine - a glucose¹ or galactose molecule² with an amine group attached. see also glucuronic acid.

    Glucose - a molecule of great importance to life as it provides a ready source of energy for both plant and animal cells. Glucose can only be formed in plants with the aid of sunlight. This process of photosynthesis³ sustains all animal life on earth. The glucose molecule is formed by a ring of a six carbon atoms. It is progressively broken down in a process called glycolysis during both aerobic⁴ and anaerobic⁵ respiration⁶ into ATP

    Glucuronic acid- a glucose molecule with an acid carboxyl group. One of the two molecules⁷ which makes up the repeating disaccharide unit of glycosaminoglycans other molecule is a glucosamine.

    Glycine - one of 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.

    Glycogen - a polysaccharide made up of repeated glucose units. Animals make glycogen and store it in liver and muscles.

    Glycolysis - the breakdown⁸ of glucose in series of metabolic⁹ steps. Energy in the form of ATP is released even if there is no oxygen available as in anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen as in aerobic respiration the breakdown is more complete and yields more energy.

    Glycoproteins - are proteins which have many sugar molecules attached to them. They are an important component¹⁰ of saliva¹¹ where they provide lubrication for the teeth. They also have a wide range of other functions in connective tissues. Examples are fibronectin, osteonectin, osteopontin and interferon. Glycoproteins are also found in cell membranes¹³ where they define part of the cells identity. The four major blood groups are defined by glycoproteins on the cell membranes of red blood cells.

    Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - large to huge molecules of the connective tissue matrix, made up of repeating disaccharide units linked to a protein core. The disaccharide units are made of glucosamine and glucuronic acid. The position of a sulphate molecule on the glucosamine determines the type of GAG.

    Golgi apparatus¹⁴ - a cell organelle which is part of the inner cell membrane¹². It collects and stores the products from the endoplasmic reticulum. It is prominent in actively¹⁵ secreting¹⁶ cells.

    Gomphosis - a form of tooth attachment¹⁷ in which the root is help in a bony socket¹⁸ by a fibrous ligament.

    Gonial angle - the angle made by the posterior part of the ramus and the lower border of the mandible.

    Ground substance - a jelly-like substance which surrounds cells and provides, with fibre, a supportive matrix around each cell. It consists of water and huge molecules which helps transport nutrients¹⁹ to cells and carries away cell products.