经济学人32:乌干达同性恋者大卫·卡多

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　　讣告;大卫·卡多;

　　David Kato Kisule, a gay campaigner in Uganda, died on January 26th, aged¹ 46.

　　乌干达同性恋者大卫·卡多1月26日被害，现年46岁。

　　To the 935 pupils at St Herman Nkoni primary school, on the Masaka-Mbarara road, the slight, bookish-looking, soft-voiced man with the thick-lensed glasses was a pretty good head teacher. But to Uganda's tabloid² magazines, such as Red Pepper and Rolling Stone, he was a monster: a “bum-driller”, ever seeking “shaftmates” for “romping sessions”. To the sponsors of Uganda's anti-homosexuality bill of 2009, which required witnesses to report homosexual activity within 24 hours, and which proposed the death sentence for repeat offending, he was a deviant and a corrupter³ of innocent boys. In the sermons of the evangelical Christian⁴ pastors⁵ who toured round Uganda's towns, he was a dog, a pig, possessed⁶ by devils. Even the Anglican priest who conducted his funeral broke off to shout that he was worse than a beast, because animals at least knew the difference between a male and a female.

　　圣赫尔曼尼日尔小学位于马萨卡-马巴拉路上，对于这里的935名小学生来说，这个身体瘦小，书生气十足，和声细气，并戴着一副厚厚眼镜的人曾是一名非常非常好的老师。但是对于像红辣椒和滚石这样的乌干达小报杂志来说，他就是一个怪物：一个为了消遣一直在寻找姘头的同性恋。2009年通过的乌干达反同性恋法案，要求目击者必须在24小时内报告自己所看到的同性恋行为，此法案还建议对屡教不改者实行死刑。对该法案的支持者来说，他藐视法案而且还会教坏孩子们。福音派基督教牧师在乌干达各地的巡讲中称他是魔鬼的走狗。甚至为他主持葬礼的英国圣公会牧师也称他还不如一个畜生，畜生至少还能分清楚公母。

　　David Kato was one of a group so tiny, hated and hounded—indeed, illegal—that most Ugandans had never knowingly met one. Gays like him called themselves kuchus, meaning “same”, as in “same-sex”. He was not the same in any way ordinary Ugandans cared to recognise.

　　大卫·卡多所属的组织很小，且招人厌恶，有不断的麻烦，事实上，它还是非法的。因此，大多数乌干达人刻意的躲开它。像他那样的人都自称“kuchus”，意思是“相同”，因为他们都有相同的性别。他和普通乌干达人一点都不一样。

　　His neighbours in Nansana and Mukono, the districts near Kampala where he lived at various times, admitted that he could be generous and kind. He paid for electricity wires to be put up locally, settled people's hospital bills, took drifters in when they were homeless. But this, they told the tabloids⁷, was because he was “filthy loaded” with foreign dime⁸, most of it donated to him for spreading a Western evil in Uganda, and a lot of the money was used as bribes⁹ for sexual favours. It was dangerous to get too close to him, because of his love for bums¹⁰. His cleaning woman (who observed which young men came and went, and who stayed the night) noticed that he was tired on the day he was killed, and put it down to AIDS. A doctor took the false story on: Mr Kato was HIV-positive, and spreading it around, despite the government's campaign to keep AIDS in check. An ex-homosexual called Paul Kagaba claimed that he had been irreparably seduced¹¹ into evil in Mr Kato's white house with the columns along Villa¹² Road, after a couple of Guinnesses and a takeaway meal. He implied he was one of many.

　　大卫·卡多曾于不同时期在坎帕拉附近的南萨那和木叩诺居住过，那里的邻居承认他非常友好，大方。他为架设当地的电线付款，解决人们的医疗费用，为无家可归的流浪者提供住宿。但是，他们告诉小报，他做的所有这些都是因为他有很多外资，而其中大部分捐给他是让其在乌干达宣扬西方的邪恶文化，还有很多被他用来当做性取乐的资本。跟他走的太近非常危险，因为他对屁股又特殊的喜爱。他的女清洁工（负责观察记录哪个年轻男子来了，哪个走了，哪个留下过夜了）注意到被杀害那天，他很疲惫，她把这归咎于艾滋病。一位医生继续了这个错误的故事：卡多先生是HIV病毒携带者，并且还到处传播，置政府的控制艾滋病政策于不顾。一位叫保罗·卡嘎巴的前同性恋者声称，在卡多先生别墅路旁带有大圆柱的“白宫”里，他喝了几杯啤酒，吃了外卖，之后就被引诱做了无法弥补的邪恶事情。他暗示他只是众多被引诱者之一。

　　In Mr Kato's mind there were only two ways to deal with being gay in Uganda. The first was to hide, to seek the dark. This was how he had first encountered the gay scene in Kampala in the late 1990s, after hearing rumours¹³ of a night party in some gardens outside the city and deciding he had to gatecrash. The party hosts, suspicious of his eagerness, gave him the wrong address; they did not want him to find this secret, illegal gathering¹⁴ among the trees. When he gave interviews to Western media it was often in dark alleys¹⁵ or deserted¹⁶ bars, face shadowy and close to the camera, or on some red-dirt road out of town, while he kept nervously¹⁷ walking.

　　在卡多先生看来，在乌干达作为一名同性恋，你只可能有两种生活。第一种生活就是躲藏，去寻找黑暗。他听到了一些关于在城外的花园里举行深夜聚会的传言，并且决定一定要去，就这样他于19世纪90年代末在坎帕拉第一次见到了同性恋场景。然而，聚会的组织者对他的如此主动和渴望产生了怀疑，给了他一个错误的地址，他们不希望他找到这个秘密——暗中进行了非法集会。他在接受西方媒体采访时总是喜欢选在黑暗的街道或人烟稀少的酒吧，坐的离摄影机很近并且把脸部遮起来，再或者选在城外的土路上，他一边紧张的踱着步子，一边接受采访。

　　The second way of being gay, however, was to be out and proud. This was what he preferred, despite the risks. In 1998, just back from a few years of teaching in South Africa—where he had seen apartheid fall, and the old anti-sodomy laws with it, and had decided¹⁸ at last to admit his homosexuality—he held a televised press conference to start the push for gay rights in his own country. The police beat him up afterwards, the first of several beatings (he would show the scars on his head, where bottles had been broken on him), and arrested him, the first of three arrests. Not deterred¹⁹, in 2004 he co-founded Sexual Minorities Uganda to campaign against the anti-homosexuality bill and general prejudice. He was the group's litigation officer, partly because he knew his way round the mazes²⁰ of the law, but mostly because he was loud, impatient, demanding, angry (too much so, when the beer got to him), and didn't care that his face was now “Gay Uganda” for the tabloids.

　　作为同性恋的第二种生活方式就是骄傲的走出去。尽管这样做有危险，但卡多先生更喜欢这种生活方式。他在南非教了几年书，在那里他看到了种族隔离制度和陈腐的反同性恋法的消亡，并且最后决定承认自己的同性恋身份，因此，1998年，他刚从南非回来就举行了电视新闻发布会，开始在自己的祖国争取同性恋的权利。随后他就遭到了警察的毒打，这只是第一次（他头上还留着被瓶子砸过后的伤疤），而且被捕了，也是他三次被捕中的第一次。他并没有被吓倒，2004年他联合建立了乌干达性少数派组织来对抗反同性恋法案和大众的偏见。他是这个组织的诉讼官，一部分是因为他了解法律，能够在其中游刃有余，但大部分是因为他很喜欢表达自己，没有耐心，要求很高，容易发怒（喝了啤酒之后更是如此），而且对小报上说他是“乌干达同性恋先生”也毫不在意了。

　　When, last October, Rolling Stone ran a front-page article on “homos” recruiting in the schools, promising²¹ to expose 100 of them and calling for them to be hanged, Mr Kato was one of three who sued the magazine. He was the only one who went to court to state his case that homosexuals were born, not made, and therefore could not be recruited. He had known he was different as a child growing up in Nakawala, his ancestral village; his twin brother, John, had noticed it too, and simply laughed when, after years, he came out to him.

　　去年10月份，滚石杂志发表了一篇头版头条文章，细数了在学校中的同性恋者，希望曝光其中的100人并呼吁把他们处以绞刑，有3个人起诉了这家杂志社，卡多先生就是其中之一。卡多先生是唯一一个到法庭陈述案情的人，他称同性恋也是人生出来的并不是造出来的，因此也不能被雇佣。他知道作为一名在他故乡那卡瓦拉村长大的孩子，他是与众不同的；他的双胞胎哥哥，约翰也注意到了这点，几年之后，他们再次见面时，他会心的笑了。

　　The new year looked propitious²². On January 3rd a judge ruled against Rolling Stone; Mr Kato received compensation of 1.5m Ugandan shillings, or $640. It was not much, but it was the principle that mattered. Meanwhile, debate was suspended on the anti-homosexuality bill, partly as a result of world pressure that he had helped to stir.

　　新的一年看起来运气还不错。1月3号法官判滚石杂志败诉；卡多先生收到了150万乌干达先令的赔偿，约合640美元。数目并不大，但重要的是这个结果。期间，关于反同性恋法案的争论一直没有停止，部分是他所引起的外部世界施压的结果。

　　Young men continued to mill around his house. One of them was a thief well known in the area: a rough part of town, with 15 iron-bar attacks in two months. Police assumed that when Mr Kato was bludgeoned to death with a hammer, on the afternoon of January 26th, he was just another victim in the series. Gay groups blamed the tabloids for incitement²³. Neighbours, hanging about, noticed with surprise that his blood on the walls looked much the same as theirs.

　　年轻人继续在他家周围聚集。其中一个是这个地区出名的小偷，这是城中很不平静的一个区域，在两个月内发生了15起铁棒袭击事件。警察推断1月26日下午，卡多先生被用短棒袭击致死事件就是这一系列事件之一。同性恋组织责备那些小报在其中进行了煽动。闲逛的邻居们吃惊的发现墙上卡多先生的鲜血依然清晰可见，就像他们自己的一样。

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