GRE写作的开头、论据、论证及结尾段指导

　　In the argument, the …(主题对象) recommends that …(对结论做论述，基本上可以抄原文，用另外一种方式表达即可). To support this recommendation the argument point out that …(说明文章用了什么论据去证明观点了，同上抄袭即可) however …This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects (说明这篇文章逻辑上是有缺陷的).

　　二. 攻击论据

　　1. 调查结果没有证据申明

　　To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that… (阐述说出了一个没有根据的申明，并说出文中的原因) —rather than for some other reasons. Yet it is entirely¹ possible that… (说明这种猜测可能的原因) or some other factor. Without ruling out all other reasons why… (重述这个申明)…(说出反方向的结论).

　　2. 提到了样本，但是数据不具有代表性(数据不够)Firstly, the author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically² reliable. Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of …(说明对象的数量和质量不够) For that matter, this survey is not strong enough to establish causation between… (在这里列出原因和结果，做比较) However, the other reasons of the survey which (叙述其他原因下的情况). As a result, without the evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the author cannot justifiably³ draw any conclusion by relying on this survey.

　　3. 猜测，但是没有证据

　　Thirdly, the argument assumes that… (阐述文中的猜测) However, the letter provides no evidence to substantiate⁴ this assumption. In fact, the letter suggests that this might be the case. By admitting that …, the letter implies that …说明影响他们happy的因素还有其他的方面，不光是研究中所列举三. 攻击论证过程

　　1. 时间上的错误类比

　　To begin with,…(陈述某个数据) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和现在相比较是不可信的). Perhaps the… (反例), For that matter, perhaps …(说出反例的情况下会导致何种结果). In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假设说出针对反例应该怎么做)the memo⁵’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(说出应该有的结论)2.错误的因果关系

　　3. 两个事实错误的类比

　　Even if…(让步，即使某个条件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(说明错误的类比的情况). It is entirely possible that the …(比较对象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具体说出反例) Without accounting⁶ for such differences between the two places is unreliable.

　　4. 错误的推论

　　Even if …(让步，即使某个条件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(说出要让步的是事实). Yet the only evidence the argument offer to substantiate this assumption (说出文中的根据). Perhaps …(说出有可能出现的其他情况导致这个事实)if so, (说出不一样的结果，与上面事实相矛盾). Or…(其他的情况) In short, without more information about…(对上面的可能情况总结) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的结论).

　　四. 结论的攻击

　　说明结论不完美，可以有其他的方法

　　Finally, the argument fails to consider …(有更好的办法实现目标). Perhaps by…(办法一), or by (办法二), (对目标进行展望) In short, without weighing the suggestion against alternatives, it is unconvincing that (说明提供的方案不好).

　　赢利

　　Finally, even if the families support to build the new seafood⁷ restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result. Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. Thus, it is quite possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtaining high-quality and healthy seafood or of new promoting restaurant might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument’s conclusion is premature⁸ at best.

　　同时叙述两个错误的论据

　　The memo also makes two hasty assumptions about …(说明两个猜想相关的内容). One such assumption is that …(第一个猜想的情况说明). It is entirely possible that …(反例). Another assumption is that(另外一个错误的猜想) Common sense informs me that (反例)Furthermore, the difference in the two firms’ overall placement time last year does not necessarily indicate that Delany would be the better choice to serve XYZ’s laid-off employees. These employees might have particular skills or needs that are not representative of the two firm’s clients in general. Besides, one year’s placement statistics hardly sufficient to draw any firm conclusions.

　　五. 结尾段

　　In sum, the argument seems logical, but is based on nothing more than pure speculation⁹ and perhaps wishful thinking, yet lack of some warranted investigation¹⁰. To strength it, the author needs to evaluate all possible alternatives and provide detail and comprehensive evidence before jumping to the conclusion that …(文中的结论)

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