America's Handguns are Controversial,

（单词翻译）

By Jeffrey Young

Dunblane, Scotland. March 13, 1996. A man walks into a school with a number of handguns and opens fire. Sixteen kindergarten children and a teacher are slaughtered¹. Britain reacts with such revulsion that Parliament enacts² a nationwide ban on privately³ owned handguns.

Littleton, Colorado. April 20, 1999. Two students at Columbine High School enter with a number of weapons including a modified semi-automatic handgun. The pair opens fire, killing⁴ twelve fellow students and a teacher. In the aftermath, the most significant change enacted⁵ is the placement of metal detectors⁶ at many U.S. schools. Private handguns remain plentiful⁷ in America.

U.S. handgun owners say the U.S. Constitution's second amendment⁸ clearly protects them and their weapons. It states "A well-regulated militia⁹ being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed¹⁰." Attorney Stephen Halbrook, who has defended gun ownership rights before the U.S. Supreme¹¹ Court, says the constitution's second amendment was drafted in reaction to events just before the War of Independence. "With the growing dissention of the colonists¹² against British rule, the British seized firearms of all kinds - handguns and long guns - particularly in 1774 to 1775. And that was one of the reasons leading to the American Revolution," he says.

Contentious¹³ arguments have ensued over the years regarding the second amendment, with gun opponents asserting that the framers of the constitution meant the right to collective self-protection, not the right of an individual to amass¹⁴ an arsenal¹⁵ of weapons. Yale University law professor Daniel Kahan says the arguments both for and against handguns reflect fervently¹⁶ held beliefs. "People who support more gun control believe that when people can have more ready access to handguns, there is going to be more violent crime and there are going to be more gun accidents." Mr. Kahan adds "The opposing position is that when ordinary citizens have ready access to guns, they are able to more effectively defend themselves. They're less likely to be threatened in the first place."

In the U.S. state of Virginia, a group called the Virginia Citizens Defense¹⁷ League is aggressively pushing for greater rights to carry handguns openly. Its president, Philip Van Cleave¹⁸, insists they are the best means for keeping crime at bay. "The handgun is a portable means of defense, much more portable than a rifle or a shotgun. And therefore, it can go with you virtually everywhere discreetly¹⁹ or not discreetly."

But statistics from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation²⁰ show that handguns overwhelmingly are an instrument of murder, not a tool of self defense. In 2003 the FBI recorded 7,700 handgun murders nationwide, but only 163 are considered "justifiable²¹ homicide" or self-defense. These killings²² compare to less than 850 murders attributed to rifles and shotguns in 2003.

Underpinning²³ the pro-handgun movement are a huge U.S. firearms industry and many gun rights groups. Mary Leigh Bleck, with the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, says Capitol Hill and statehouses nationwide are their focus. "We have a very strong and powerful gun lobby," she says, adding "And they were very effective to kill any legislation that is brought before a state or our Congress."

In 2002, Fortune magazine named the National Rifle Association the most powerful lobby group in Washington. The Washington-based Center for Responsive Politics says the NRA and similar groups have spent at least $75 million over the past 15 years promoting their positions. By comparison, anti-gun forces spent only $4.1 million in the same period. The lobbying also spills over into presidential politics. The NRA strongly backed President Bush's recent re-election campaign after his administration showed considerable support for the second amendment and opposition²⁴ to tighter gun controls.
 
Then there is the impact of mass culture. First, Wild West books and movies portrayed²⁵ handguns as equalizers or tools of justice. Then came spy movies showing James Bond types in tuxedos²⁶ brandishing²⁷ guns. Most recent are the "rap" music videos equating²⁸ handguns with power and status. Author Richard Slotkin says this media saturation²⁹ has had a notable effect. "It prepared us to accept guns in some sense as a normal part of life. So that if even in principle people are opposed to handguns, we at least understand the mystique in the handgun."

Observers say many Americans' support for handguns and other firearms reflects the U.S. tradition of strong individual rights over those of the state, while other countries' banning of such weapons indicates the opposite.

For focus, I'm Jeffrey Young.

注释：
kindergarten 幼儿园的
slaughter 残杀
enact 颁布，制定法律
semi-automatic 半自动的
amendment 修正
well-regulated 井然有序的
dissention 反对，不同意
colonist 殖民地居民
firearms 火器，轻武器
framer 制定者
self-protection 自卫
amass 收集
arsenal 军械库
at bay 走投无路
portable 轻便的
rifle 步枪
discreetly 谨慎地，小心地
homicide 杀人，杀人者
tuxedos 礼服
brandish 挥舞
saturation 干预
mystique 奥秘