Some Trade Issues Divide US, Canada

（单词翻译）

By Andre de Nesnera

Trade is the most important component¹ of U.S.-Canada relations. Each country is the other's biggest trading customer. Eighty-four percent of Canada's exports go the United States and Canada buys more than 70 percent of its imports from its neighbor.

So it was no surprise that when President Bush visited Canada, trade issues - and especially contentious² trade issues - were high on the agenda in discussions with Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin.

Charles Doran is Director of Canadian Studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He says one major disagreement between the two countries deals with Washington's tariffs³ on the import of Canadian softwood lumber⁴, such as pine. "There is a huge amount of trade in lumber between Canada and the United States. Canadians sell a large amount, billions of dollars, and the argument has been on the part of a small group of producers in the United States that Canada has subsidized this. Now the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the World Trade Organization, in dispute resolution panels, have denied that there is unfair subsidy⁵. But in fact, every President for some time has been unable to unravel⁶ the legal challenges and so on, to get rid of that issue," he says.

Following the Bush-Martin meeting, the softwood lumber issue remains⁷ unresolved.

Professor Doran says another problem stems from the US action to ban beef imports from Canada because of mad cow disease. "There was one cow found in Alberta with this disease, but the consequence of that has been enormous in the sense that trade for beef, for the United States and Canada has been affected⁸ and third markets like Japan and Europe. They are trying to get around this problem. They are trying to establish common standards, but it's hard to believe, it's almost hard to imagine how one cow could cause that much catastrophe⁹ to this industry in North America."

Canadian statistics indicate that the 18-month ban has cost the Canadian beef industry more than $4 billion in lost revenues. That issue, too, still remains to be solved following the Bush-Martin summit.

Tied to those two trade issues, is the question of security along the Canadian-American border - at nearly 9,000 kilometers the world's longest undefended frontier. Both countries have stepped up cooperation in the security field, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

Kim Nossel, Director of Political Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, says Americans and Canadians are approaching the border security issue from different angles. "From the American perspective, there is the concern about the porousness¹⁰ of that long, undefended border and the ease with which one could in fact get across the border. From a Canadian perspective, the major concern is an absolute fear that there will be a terrorist incident in the United States that will openly and manifestly have come from Canada, that will lead to, essentially¹¹, a closing of the border. And of course that border and the openness of that border is absolutely crucial for Canadian wealth."

Experts say Ottawa and Washington have to find a delicate balance between the free flow of commerce and legitimate¹² security concerns.

Gill Troy is a U.S.-Canada expert at McGill University in Montreal. He says despite various disagreements between the two countries, one overriding¹³ issue must be kept in mind. "Even if there is an agreement to disagree, even if the United States says: 'look, we can't do this because of internal constituency pressures or external trade pressures,' the awareness¹⁴ that nevertheless, while we might part on some issues, we are still fundamentally friends, we are still fundamentally linked in so many ways - economically, ideologically¹⁵, intellectually, culturally, socially - is important."

Experts agree that President Bush's trip to Canada was an attempt to improve relations between the two countries - relations that were strained in recent years, during the tenure¹⁶ of Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien. Analysts¹⁷ say based on the recent Bush-Martin meeting, things are looking up.

Andre de Nesnera, VOA news, Washington.
注释：
component 组成，构成
contentious 有争议的
agenda 议程
softwood lumber 软木材
subsidize 资助
unresolved 未解决的
Ontario 安大略湖
porousness 多处漏洞
manifestly 明白地
Montreal 蒙特利尔
constituency 购买者，顾客