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托福备考之教你秒杀新托福阅读指代题

时间:2017-05-13 06:16:47

(单词翻译:单击)

   大部分学生反映指代题看似简单,但是很容易选错,遇到模棱两可的答案情况较多,再加上时间限制,越简单的题,反而越容易做错。并且指代题出题频率比较高,托福官方指南给出考试的机率大概是0-2题,所以对于想在阅读上拿高分的考生来说至关重要。那么我们如何在短时间内攻破指代题呢?

  考试特点
  总结起来指代题有以下三个特点:
  1、问题除了常规代词(it/they/them/these)外,还有which, this等语法指代;
  Which是定语从句或者非限制定语从句的关系指代词,此外新托福阅读真题出现过this + problem/view等非常规语法指代题。
  2、代词所指必须是前面提到过的词;
  代词指代在英语里面可分为前指和后指,在新托福阅读考试里面只考前指,也就是指代前文提到过的事物。
  3、答案可以是词、短语或者前面谈到的一件事情;
  新托福阅读指代题突破我们常规的指代概念,不局限于指代单个词,它可以是短语,甚至是完整的一句话。
  问题形式:The word “X” in the passage refers to……
  考试内容
  托福阅读常考查的代词包括:they, them, it, this, these, which, others, some, none, this + n等。
  首先同学们要掌握这些词本身的意思,考查的内容虽然是指代,只有了解这些代词本身的意思,才能在此基础上推导出来该词的同义词。
  1. They:数代词,既可以指代有生命的东西,也可以指代无生命的东西。
  eg: My father and mother are here. They visit every week.
  Take your books, they might be useful.
  2. Them: they的宾格,同样即可以指代有生命的东西,也可以指代无生命的东西。
  eg: My father and brother are playing basketball, I bought drinks for them.
  Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.
  3. It: 指代单数名词,可以指代无生命的东西,也可以指代有生命的东西(指代动物),一般是特指(the + n); 此外还可以指代前面所说的整件事情。
  eg: I pick up the plate and put it on the table.
  Where is the mouse? The cat ate it.
  He said he can swim across that big river, but I don’t believe it.
  4. This: 可以指代前面说的事物(单数可数名词或者不可数名词)、动作、过程等,通常是指代离它最近的东西。在托福阅读里面通常用作限定词,形式:this + n
  eg: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora1 evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention.
  This根据词本身的意思,是指离它最近的事物,所以答案是the development of plants that produce seeds
  5. These: this的复数形式,指代复数名词,其它用法同this一样
  eg: They carried on their farm operations with mules2 and they had no surplus of these, seldom more than four.
  6. Which:(非限制)定语从句中的关系代词,指代前面的先行词,先行词可以是单个名词、短语或者一个句子
  eg: He has a book which is written by Hemingway.
  He likes reading books, which is a good habit.
  She said she’d been waiting for an hour, which was true.
  7. 不定代词:托福阅读常考不定代词有both, some, other, and none etc. 不定代词,用在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。
  eg: Some of his stories were quite amusing.(主语)
  They are both doctors.(表语)
  These trousers are wet—I’ll change into my other ones.(定语)
  She had none of her mother’s beauty.(宾语)
  所以不定代词在新托福阅读里面的指代,要具体看不定代词在句子中所充当的语法成分。
  解题方法
  做对指代题要考虑三个因素:指代词本身的意思、句与句之间的语义关系和句子的结构(语法)。指代词本身意思是基础,语义关系和句子结构都是以指代词本身意思为基础的,我们已经分析了各类指代词的意思,所以这里我们会着重以句子语义和句子结构为出发点,并把指代词的意思嵌入到语义和句子结构分析中。
  1
  语义关系
  语义关系要求所指代词带入句子中要符合句子意思。
  Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined3 the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional4 forms can vary only within certain limits.
  The word they in the passage refers to
  a.applied-art objects
  b.the laws of physics
  c.containers
  d.the sides of pots
  托福指代题的考试特点是必须指代前面提到过的词,所以可以排除c和d两个选项。剩下a和b选项代入句子,原文译为:因为物理原理,而不是任意想法,决定了应用艺术品的普遍形式,应用艺术品/物理原理需要遵守基本的模式,这样它们的功能形式才不会相差太远。根据句子意思,应该是应用艺术品需要遵守基本的模式,而不是物理原理,所以我们可以推断出来答案是a。
  1
  句子结构
  大部分同学在做指代题时感觉词汇太难,很难从语义上去推导出来正确答案,那么我们可以从句子结构分析入手。
  The fins5 are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves6 or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
  The word they in the passage refers to
  a.qualities
  b.fins
  c.grooves
  d.depressions
  They在句子中作主语,so that表递进,前后主语应该一致,所以答案是b。
  表递进逻辑的关系词还有such that。
  表转折逻辑的关系词:however, yet, while and whereas etc.
  表让步的逻辑关系词:though, even if/though, despite and in spite of etc.
  表条件的逻辑关系词:if, when and unless etc.
  表原因的逻辑关系词:because, because of, therefore, so, hence, thus and since etc.
  总结
  有些情况我们需要结合这三种因素来综合考虑指代题。
  通过以上分析我们可以知道,有的指代题可以从语义上去分析,有的指代题可以以句子结构为出发点,无论是哪种方法都是以代词本身的意思为基础的,此外,每一种方法都有各自的优点。在做题时,同学们要善于把这三种方法结合起来使用,以达到在最短时间内做对此类题型。

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1 flora 4j7x1     
n.(某一地区的)植物群
参考例句:
  • The subtropical island has a remarkably rich native flora.这个亚热带岛屿有相当丰富的乡土植物种类。
  • All flora need water and light.一切草木都需要水和阳光。
2 mules be18bf53ebe6a97854771cdc8bfe67e6     
骡( mule的名词复数 ); 拖鞋; 顽固的人; 越境运毒者
参考例句:
  • The cart was pulled by two mules. 两匹骡子拉这辆大车。
  • She wore tight trousers and high-heeled mules. 她穿紧身裤和拖鞋式高跟鞋。
3 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
4 functional 5hMxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
5 fins 6a19adaf8b48d5db4b49aef2b7e46ade     
[医]散热片;鱼鳍;飞边;鸭掌
参考例句:
  • The level of TNF-α positively correlated with BMI,FPG,HbA1C,TG,FINS and IRI,but not with SBP and DBP. TNF-α水平与BMI、FPG、HbA1C、TG、FINS和IRI呈显著正相关,与SBP、DBP无相关。 来自互联网
  • Fins are a feature specific to fish. 鱼鳍是鱼类特有的特征。 来自辞典例句
6 grooves e2ee808c594bc87414652e71d74585a3     
n.沟( groove的名词复数 );槽;老一套;(某种)音乐节奏v.沟( groove的第三人称单数 );槽;老一套;(某种)音乐节奏
参考例句:
  • Wheels leave grooves in a dirt road. 车轮在泥路上留下了凹痕。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Sliding doors move in grooves. 滑动门在槽沟中移动。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》