经济学人:囚犯与工作 军队文化的怪象?(2)
时间：2017-11-07 02:25:58
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In an effort to force employers to change, 26 state and 150 municipal legislatures have adopted “ban the box” legislation that removes declarations of criminal history from job-application forms. 为了设法迫使雇主做出改变，26个州和150个市的立法机构通过了一项立法，把犯罪记录声明的复选框从工作申请表中移除。
On April 1st an executive order by Barack Obama's administration came into effect, banning the box for all federal jobs, amounting to 250,000 jobs a year. 4月1日，奥巴马政府出台的行政命令生效，为所有联邦岗位取消这个复选框，总数为一年二十五万个工作岗位。
Banning the box may, however, have unfortunate consequences. 然而，这项举措或许也造成了一些不尽如人意的后果。
Two American academics, Amanda Agan and Sonja Starr, have studied the effect of bans in New
Jersey1 and New York. Amanda Agan 和 Sonja Star两位美国学者研究了禁令在新泽西和纽约的效果。
They created
dummy2 job
applicants3 with typically black names like Jermaine and Malcolm, 他们用典型的黑人名字比如Jermaine和Malcolm创造了虚拟的工作申请，
and tracked how employers responded to those beside dummy applicants with typically white names, such as Cody and Scott. 对比用典型白人名字比如Cody和Scott制作的工作申请，然后追踪雇主的反应。
They found that whereas black men with invented criminal histories received more responses from companies after the change in the law, black men without criminal histories received fewer. 他们发现，自从法律规定改变之后，拥有犯罪记录的黑人反而比没有犯罪记录的黑人得到更多公司的关注。
Presumably, some employers began to interpret black-sounding names as a signal of criminality. 大概是一些雇主开始把疑似的黑人名字解读为犯罪的信号。
Two things might, however, persuade employers to change their minds. 但是或许有两件事情能迫使雇主们改变想法。
First, negligent-hiring lawsuits—in which a firm is sued for employing someone who commits a crime at work—are terrifying but rare. 第一，雇佣过失诉讼——公司因为雇佣在工作中犯罪的人而遭到诉讼——虽然后果严重但其实很少出现。
Second, it is just possible that former convicts might be more productive than the other candidates who apply for a particular job. 其次，有前科的人可能在申请某些特定的工作时比其他候选人更具有竞争力。
Devah Pager, a
sociologist4 at Harvard University, has tracked the performance of 8,000 formerfelons who entered the American army after passing a screening process in the years between 2002 and 2009. 哈佛大学的社会学家Devah Pager追踪调查了8000位重罪犯，他们在2002年到2009年间通过筛选程序进入了美国军队。
She finds that the ex-cons were slightly more likely to be undisciplined but were also promoted unusually quickly. 她发现有前科的人虽然都稍微较不守纪律，但是他们晋升速度却快得出奇。
Is that just a
quirk5 of military culture? 难道这只是军队文化造成的怪相吗？
It would be worth finding out. 这非常值得探寻。
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