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VOICE ONE:

I'm Steve Ember.

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And I'm Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. Two thousand five hundred years ago, the Greek historian¹ Herodotus is believed to have made a list of what he thought were the most extraordinary structures in the world. His list became known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. People all over the world recently voted to create a new list. Join us as we explore the New Seven Wonders of the World.

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There was nothing wrong with the list of ancient wonders that Herodotus made. The list included places such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon in what is now Iraq. This was a huge system of gardens with trees and flowers. The Colossus of Rhodes is also on the list. It was a thirty-seven meter tall metal statue of the Greek sun god Helios. The statue was built on the Greek island of Rhodes.

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But this wondrous² list only included structures near the Mediterranean³ Sea. This was the only area of the world known to the ancient Greeks. Only one of the seven places still exists today. The Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt were built about four thousand five hundred years ago as a burial place for an ancient ruler. For thousands of years, they were the tallest structures in the world.

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The Swiss explorer Bernard Weber decided⁴ the list of seven wonders needed updating. But he says he did not want one person to decide on the new list. He wanted everyone to vote for the world's cultural treasures. He knew that with the modern technologies of the Internet and cell phones everyone in the world could vote.

In two thousand one Mister Weber started an organization called the New Seven Wonders Foundation. He later invited people around the world to vote on places they thought belonged on the new list. A group of building experts later reduced the list to twenty-one places. These experts included Japanese architect Tadao Ando and Iraqi-born British architect Zaha Hadid.

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From two thousand six until last Friday, people around the world voted on their favorite places by using the Internet and cell phones. The group says it received about one hundred million votes. But the group admits it did not check for repeat voting. The results were announced on July seventh in a ceremony in Lisbon, Portugal. Here is the new list of world wonders.

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Chichen Itza

is a temple city built by the Mayans over one thousand years ago in what is now Mexico. Its name means at the mouth of the well of the Itza people. The many large stone structures at Chichen Itza were built during different periods with different styles. One holy building is a triangular⁶ shaped step pyramid called the Temple of Kukulcan. This huge structure has a staircase⁷ on each of the four sides that leads to the religious altar at the top. There are many other temples and even a large court area where the Mayans played ball games.

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Christ the Redeemer

is a large religious statue on a hill overlooking⁸ the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Catholic⁹ religious leaders in the city started planning the project in the nineteen twenties. This thirty-eight meter statue of Jesus was completed in nineteen thirty-one. It is made of concrete and soapstone materials. Christ the Redeemer was designed by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and the French sculptor¹⁰ Paul Landowski.

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The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is one of the largest building projects ever carried out. This wall extends for over seven thousand kilometers and was built to defend against foreign invaders¹¹. The oldest parts of the wall were built over two thousand six hundred years ago. More recent parts were built about five hundred years ago. The ruler Qin Shi Huang Ti created the first unified¹² China about two thousand two hundred years ago. This ruler connected the many different parts of the wall into one huge system.

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Machu Picchu

The ancient ruins of Machu Picchu sit high in the Andes Mountains of what is now Peru, eighty kilometers northeast of Cuzco. Experts believe the many stone buildings were built around the middle of the fifteenth century by the Incan ruler Pachacutec Yupanqui. The buildings include homes, burial places, religious centers, storage areas, and watch towers. In one area is the famous Intihuatana, or the Hitching¹³ Post of the Sun. This ancient stone sun clock shows astronomical¹⁴ events such as the spring and fall equinox when night and day are equal length. Experts do not know the exact role of the ancient city of Machu Picchu. It might have been built for ceremonial reasons or as a home for the Incan ruler.

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Petra was another ancient city built about two thousand years ago in what is now
Petra

Jordan. It was the capital of ancient Nabataea and was famous for its trade industry and water engineering systems. The area is also famous for the beautiful buildings carved into huge walls of solid red sandstone rock. Petra means rock in Greek. The monuments, burial places and religious buildings at Petra combine ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian styles of building. One of the most well known buildings is called al-Khazneh which is Arabic for the treasury¹⁵. The building was really a burial place for a ruling family. But long ago some people falsely believed treasures were stored inside.

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The Colosseum

The Colosseum in Rome, Italy was built about two thousand years ago by the Flavian rulers. This huge circular stone and concrete building could hold about fifty thousand people. For hundreds of years, people gathered there to watch games. They included fights between professional gladiator soldiers and naval¹⁶ battles between ships. Each of the first three levels of the Colosseum has eighty large rounded arch⁵ openings. The Colosseum was badly damaged over the centuries by a fire and a series of earthquakes. Starting in the thirteenth century, fallen stones from the Colosseum were taken to be used for other building projects. But the building has since been carefully repaired. The circular form of this building has influenced many modern sports buildings.

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The Taj Mahal in Agra, India was built by the Mogul ruler Shah Jahan in the
The Taj Mahal

seventeenth century. The building is famous for its beautiful white marble surface inlaid with small pieces of colorful stones. It is also a symbol of Shah Jahan's love for his wife. He built this monument as a burial place for her. She is said to have asked him to build a monument in her memory. More than twenty thousand workers built the Taj Mahal. It beautifully combines the styles of Indian, Persian and Islamic building.

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Fourteen other buildings did not make the list of the new seven wonders of the world. These include Angkor Wat in Cambodia; the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France and the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. They also include the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia; the Sydney Opera House in Australia and the Statue of Liberty in New York City.

This new list of wonders has its critics. The Egyptian antiquities¹⁷ expert Zahi Hawass says the list has no value because masses of people do not write history. The Egyptian government expressed its anger when the New Seven Wonders voting began. Egypt believed its pyramids should not need to be voted on since they have always been listed as a world wonder. The New Seven Wonders group gave the pyramids an honorary position on the list. So there are actually now eight wonders of the world.

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The United Nation's cultural program UNESCO released a statement on the subject this week. UNESCO made it very clear that it had no link with the New Seven Wonders group. The statement says Bernard Weber wanted to work with UNESCO, but the group refused. UNESCO has said its goal is to protect places of cultural value and simply making a new list does not help their aim.

UNESCO added that the new list of wonders shows the opinions of some people who have Internet and not the opinion of the entire world.

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This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I'm Barbara Klein.

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And I'm Steve Ember. You can see pictures of these world wonders at our Web site, www.unsv.com. You can also find transcripts¹⁸ and audio archives of our programs. Join us again next week for Explorations in VOA Special English.