VOA慢速英语2018--科学家称早期人类并不是想象中的那么简单

（单词翻译）

Scientists: Early Humans Were Not as Simple as One Would Think

Scientists have discovered evidence that some of the earliest members of the human race, Homo sapiens, were surprisingly advanced.

Scientists say these early humans knew how to use color pigments² found in nature, create advanced tools and trade for supplies with other groups of people.

A report on the discovery was published recently in the journal Science.

The scientists said they examined artifacts recovered from southern Kenya. Some of the objects are said to date back to 320,000 years ago. They are about the same age as the earliest-known Homo sapiens fossils found in other parts of Africa.

In the report, the researchers described an ochre pigment¹ that produced a bright-red color. They say this pigment could have been used for body painting. They also found tools made from obsidian³, a volcanic⁴ rock that can have an extremely sharp edge.

The researchers found evidence of obsidian being transported to the Olorgesailie Basin, up to 88 kilometers away from where the rock was found. This discovery led the scientists to believe it had come from another group through trade. But they did not know what was provided in exchange for the obsidian.

The researchers said the findings show developments in technology and social structures unexpected so early in human history.

Rick Potts is a paleoanthropologist and director of the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. He believes that these newly identified mental and social abilities — including recognition of “distant groups, use of pigments and technologies including projectile⁵ points — were at the foundation of our species’ origin.”

Alison Brooks⁶, another paleoanthropologist, is with the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Speaking of the pigment, she said, “The choice of importing the ochre from a distance rather than using a more common local material…argues that having a red face or hair or clothing or weapons also carried a symbolic⁷ message of some sort.”

The researchers described the obsidian tools they found as smaller, of better quality, and more specialized⁸ than larger stone tools used by earlier human species.

The obsidian was used in a number of tools with sharp or pointy edges. The rock was also found in small, sharp points that could be placed at the end of a piece of wood or bone for use as a weapon.

I’m Jonathan Evans.

Words in this Story

advanced – adj. being far along in progress or development

artifact – n. a simple object such as a tool or weapon that was made by people in the past

journal – n. a publication dealing⁹ mainly with issues of current interest

pigment – n. a natural substance that gives coloring to animals and plants; a substance that gives color to something else

fossil – n. remains¹⁰ of an ancient organism that has been protected in Earth’s surface

paleoanthropologist – n. the study of anthropology¹¹ that deals with fossils

projectile – n. something that is thrown as a weapon

symbolic – adj. expressing or representing an idea or quality without using words