VOA慢速英语2020--在教室里教授和平

（单词翻译）

Teaching Peace in Classrooms

Peace Education is a growing area of research at some colleges and universities. Peace education programs often explore subjects covered in the news, such as violence in schools and mental health issues during a quarantine.

In Japan this week, Rebecca Oxford¹ was to speak at a meeting of JALT, the Japan Association for Language Teaching. Her subject: "The Language of Peace."

Oxford is Professor Emeritus² at the University of Maryland in the United States. She says that foreign and second language teacher-educators and their students have an important duty to play in fostering peace. She adds peace is created through communication, and that communication is the main goal of language teacher-educators and teachers.

Six parts to peace

Oxford says there are six parts to peace. They are inner peace; interpersonal peace; inter-group peace; intercultural peace; international peace; and ecological³ peace or care for the environment. She believes these six terms give teachers a common basis on which to talk about conflict and work for peace.

Part of Oxford's approach to the language of peace is to change signs of conflict into respect for the values and hopes of the people involved. She says peace builders should look for the causes of conflict and use this information to reduce violence between people, groups and cultures.

Criticism of peace education

Not everyone agrees on the value of peace education programs. Heather Millstone is with the University of Queensland in Australia. She did research on how peace programs work in Australian schools.

Millstone identified three criticisms of the programs. One is the lack of evidence that they work. Another is how peace programs pay attention to a child's relationship with other children, instead of on the larger community. Millstone says this puts a responsibility on children to create peace when the society around them is violent. The third criticism is that the programs do not consider cultural values, such as whether an individual or a group is more important in society.

Peace education programs

One United States-based group has been using criticisms like these to shape its peace education programs. Tim Nation is Executive Director of the Peace Learning Center, or PLC, in Indianapolis, Indiana. He says the PLC began in the 1990s as part of AmeriCorps, a service program similar to the U.S. government's Peace Corps⁴. He told VOA it began working with children who experienced violence at home, and then moved to programs to reduce violence in schools.

"We saw going through workshops on conflict resolution and then sharing with the kids that this is one of the missing links in our society... we realized that if you could teach young people at an early age, then you could have a larger impact and help kids succeed."

Partnership⁵ with Tribe

Over the past year, the PLC joined with the Tribes Learning Community, a social and emotional learning program. Tribes offers training for elementary, middle and high school teachers, as well as for those working in after school and youth development programs. Nation says the work of Tribes is based on evidence from research into how to build communities in schools and classrooms.

"It's helped us with an evidence-based system that is easy to use for teachers...and lessons that are easy to use and proven to reduce conflicts and increase academic progress while helping⁶ each student learn skills that they can use for a lifetime."

The Tribes Learning Community has over 5,000 trainers worldwide, with programs in Canada, Australia and other English-speaking countries. It also offers Spanish language educational materials.

Nation notes that with the change to online learning, help with understanding social and emotional learning is what teachers need right now.

"And learning social-emotional learning skills is really important... because that's what you're asked to do in the workforce⁷. When we lose out on our ability to communicate and collaborate⁸, that's not good for the future of our workforce and our society."

Activities for the classroom

HEART is an aid group that promotes Humane⁹ Education, that is, it is a charity promoting social and emotional learning, or SEL. In a recent Education story, we reported on the importance of SEL at some schools. PLC, Tribes and HEART came together to develop tools for teachers to use in classrooms. Everyday Circle Cards are one example of a short activity teachers can add to each class. It helps students learn the social skills they need at school. (You can download six samples here)

The Peace Learning Center offers another kind of workshop on implicit¹⁰ bias¹¹ -- or making stereotypes¹² about groups of people. The PLC offers the Harvard Implicit Bias test. It is free and available in many different languages. Nation says that after taking the test, students learn to think about and deal with their own biases¹⁴.

"We help them process and reflect on their own biases so they can learn strategies to deal with them."

Mental health and peace

Jing Lin is a professor of International Education Policy at the University of Maryland. She teaches classes for educators related to peace and ecological ethics¹⁵.

Lin says peace education programs can help students a lot. Some students have mental health problems because of conflicts at school or in the community. They need to learn how to deal with that worry and mental pressure.

"Students need to know about peace -- study about peace -- but also to study to have peace with themselves, with the society and also to study to build peace in our world. So, there are great benefits in all levels."

Lin suggests organizing groups of students into teams by birth month. Then in these groups, each person tells their life story. This activity, and similar ones, can help students come to understand that we are all human beings.

"To know each person as this living, breathing, interesting person, to break down the stereotypes."

A worldwide need

Peace education is helpful not just for students, Lin says, and something that everyone needs.

Words in This Story

quarantine – n. restrictions¹⁶ placed on the activities or communication of persons to prevent the spread of disease

foster – v. to make something more likely to happen

approach – n. the act of moving near or next to something

workshop – n. a class or series of classes in which a small group of people learn the methods and skills used in doing something

kid – n. a child

promote – v. to help bring into being or to show support for

stereotype¹³ – n. an often unfair and untrue belief that many people have about all people or things with a particular quality

implicit bias – n. acting¹⁷, without thinking about it, on unfair ideas about groups of people

ecological – adj. of or relating to the environments of living things or relationships between living things and their environments

ethics – n. a set of moral rules or laws