SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Heat and Health

（单词翻译）

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS
–
August 6, 2002: Heat and Health

By Oliver Chanler
VOICE ONE:
This is Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:

And this is Bob Doughty¹ with the VOA Special English program SCIENCE IN THE
NEWS. Today, we tell about some health problems linked to extreme heat. And we tell
about what you can do to prevent and treat these problems.

((THEME))

VOICE ONE:

Extremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people hot,
it can cause medical problems --and death.

Floods, storms and other terrible natural events kill thousands of people every year. And, as expected, we hear
much about them in news reports. We generally hear little, however, about what experts say may be nature’s
deadliest killer² --heat.

Health experts say that since the year nineteen-hundred, extremely hot weather has killed more people in the
United States than any other natural event. One year --the unusually hot summer of nineteen-eighty --heat
caused about one-thousand-seven-hundred deaths in the United States. In nineteen-ninety-five, more than six-
hundred people died in a similar heat wave in one city --Chicago, Illinois.

VOICE TWO:

To measure extreme heat, government weather experts have developed the Mean Heat Index. It measures the
average of how hot it felt all day on an extremely hot day. Experts say it is the total heat of a hot day or several
hot days that can affect health. Several hot days are considered a heat wave. Experts say heat waves often become
deadly when the nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest daytime temperature. This causes
intense stress on the human body.

Doctors say there are many things people can do to protect themselves from the dangers of extreme heat. They
say to stay out of the sun, if possible. Drink large amounts of cool s. Wear loose clothes made of light -colored,
natural materials. And learn the danger signs of the medical problems that are linked to heat.

VOICE ONE:

The most common medical problem caused by hot weather is heat stress. Usually, it also is the least severe.
There are many causes for heat stress. These include hard work or exercise, heavy clothes, hot weather or high
humidity³. Humidity is the amount of water in the air. Several of these conditions together can raise a person’
s
body temperature above safe limits. The person perspires⁴ heavily, losing large amounts of body water and salt.

For most people, the only result of heat stress is muscle pain. The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too
hot. Doctors say drinking water will help the pain disappear after the body again has the right amounts of water
and salt. For some people, however, the result is much more serious. For people who are not in good health, heat
can make an existing medical problem worse.

VOICE TWO:

For example, doctors say some people face a greatly increased danger from heat stress. These people have a weak


or damaged heart, high blood pressure, or other problems of the blood system. Severe heat can help cause a heart
attack or stroke. Health experts say this is the most common cause of death linked to hot weather.

Doctors say severe heat also increases problems for very small children, older people and people suffering the
disease diabetes⁵. It also is bad for people who weigh too much and have too much body fat, and for people who
drink alcohol. Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure,
poor blood circulation⁶, nervousness or depression.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE ONE:

If heat stress is not treated, it can lead to a more serious problem called heat exhaustion⁷. Perspiration⁸ is one of the
body’s defenses against heat. It is a process during which the body releases water to cool the skin. However, a
person suffering from heat exhaustion loses too much water through perspiration. The person becomes
dehydrated.

The person ’s ability to work and think becomes sharply⁹ limited. Experts say a reduction of only four or five
percent in body water leads to a drop of twenty to thirty percent in work ability. The loss of salt through
perspiration also reduces the amount of work that muscles can do.

VOICE TWO:

A person suffering from heat exhaustion feels weak and extremely tired. He or she may have trouble walking
normally. Heat exhaustion also may produce a fast heart beat, breathing problems, headache, chest pain and a
general feeling of sickness. Doctors say people suffering from these problems should move to a cool place and
drink water.

Heat exhaustion can develop quickly. But it also can develop slowly, over several days. Doctors call this disorder¹⁰
dehydration¹¹ exhaustion. Each day, a person’s body loses only a little more water than is taken in. The person
may not even know the problem is developing. But if the problem continues for several days, the effects will be
the same as the usual kind of heat exhaustion. The treatment for dehydration exhaustion is the same as for heat
exhaustion. Drink large amounts of water, and rest in a cool place.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE ONE:

Heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke if it is not treated. With heat stroke, the body temperature rises to more
than forty degrees Celsius¹². The body stops perspiring¹³. And the skin becomes dry and very hot. A person may
even become unconscious.

Doctors say that if the body temperature goes higher than forty-two degrees Celsius, the body ’s tissues and
organs begin to cook. Permanent brain damage and death may result. Immediate¹⁴ medical help is necessary for
someone with heat stroke. Doctors say treatment should begin immediately or the person could die before
medical help arrives.

VOICE TWO:

Immediate treatment should begin by moving the victim out of the sun. Then, take off the person’s clothes.
Pour water over the victim’s body. And put pieces of ice in areas where blood vessels¹⁵ are close to the skin.
These areas include the neck and under the arms. The purpose is to cool the victim as quickly as possible to stop

the body’s temperature from increasing. Experts say it is important to know the danger signs of each of the
medical disorders¹⁶ linked to hot weather. And they say you should know what to do if the signs appear.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE ONE:

Experts say water is important for many health reasons. The body itself is mostly water --more than sixty-five


percent water. Water in blood carries hormones¹⁷ and antibodies through the body. Water in urine carries away
waste materials. Water also is needed for cooling the body on hot days, and when we are working or exercising.
Water carries body heat to the surface of the skin. There, the heat is lost through perspiration.

Health experts say adults should drink about two liters of water each day to replace all the body water lost in
urine and perspiration. They say people should drink more than that in hot weather. They say we should drink
water even before we start to feel like we need something to drink. This is because we sometimes do not feel
thirsty until we already have lost a lot of body liquid.

VOICE TWO:

In hot weather, drinking cold liquids is best. They do more than just replace lost body water. Cold liquids also
help cool us faster than warm liquids. This is because they take up more heat inside the body and carry it away
faster.

However, researchers say that sweet drinks are not good to drink in hot weather. The sugar slows the liquid from
getting into the blood system. Tea and coffee also are not effective. Doctors also warn against alcoholic¹⁸ drinks.
Alcohol speeds the loss of body water through urine.

VOICE ONE:

In addition to drinking lots of cool water, doctors say there are other things to do to protect against the health
dangers of heat. Stay out of the sun, if possible. Wear loose, light-weight and light-colored clothes. Wear a hat or
other head cover while in the sun. Eat fewer hot and heavy foods. And when possible, cook foods during cooler
times of the day. If possible, rest more often. Physical activity produces body heat.

Health experts say these simple steps can prevent the dangerous health problems linked to heat. They will prevent
sickness, help you feel better and may even save your life.

(THEME)

VOICE TWO:

This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Oliver Chanler. It was produced by Caty Weaver¹⁹. This
is Bob Doughty.

VOICE ONE:

And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for more news about science, in Special English, on the Voice
of America.

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