THE MAKING OF A NATION 183 -

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THE MAKING OF A NATION - March 7, 2002: ''Second New Deal''

By David Jarmul

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VOICE 1:

THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a program in Special English by the Voice of America.

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Franklin Roosevelt's first three months as president were one of the most exciting periods in American politics.
Roosevelt entered the White House in March nineteen-thirty-three. The nation was in crisis. Banks across the
country had closed their doors. The Great Economic Depression was at its lowest point.

Roosevelt and the Congress moved quickly to help people without food or money. They launched a series of
major economic programs.

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Conditions improved within a year after Roosevelt took office. There was no question about that. Banks were
open. More people had jobs. Farmers were doing better. And the poor were not so close to disaster as before.
However, conditions were far from perfect. Ten-million workers still did not have jobs. Young people leaving
school were lucky to find any job at all. And most business owners were only earning small profits, if any at all.

After the worst crisis was past, some groups of Americans began to attack Roosevelt and his programs.
Conservatives were the first to break with the president. They accused Roosevelt of socialist¹ economic policies.

VOICE 1:

Much more serious to Roosevelt was criticism from reformers within his own party. A number of popular leaders
with strong views began to attract support from large numbers of Americans. Roosevelt saw his national unity²
falling apart. Conservatives were accusing him of socialism. Leftist opponents said he was doing too little to end
the depression. He saw that he had to change his path.

Roosevelt knew he had little chance to re -gain the support of conservative Americans. His policies were too
progressive. So halfway³ through his first term as president, he began to support new reforms in an effort to win
more support from the left.

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The Supreme⁴ Court made the president's effort easier. Early in nineteen-thirty-five, the court ruled that several of
Roosevelt's earlier programs violated the constitution and ordered an end to them. Among them were major
programs for farmers and industrial planning.

The court's decisions forced Roosevelt to create new programs and try new ideas. One of his first new actions
was to support a plan for government controls on companies that produced electricity and water. Another was a
bill to give jobs to workers. A third new law forced companies doing business with the federal government to pay
workers a minimum wage. And the government also began enforcing a new law to control the actions of stock
market traders and investment companies.

At the same time, Roosevelt began to attack large companies. He spoke⁵ about the importance of small businesses
in a democracy. He warned the nation that large companies had too much power. And he called for new actions
to increase business competition and control large companies.

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Roosevelt supported, and Congress passed, two laws during this period that would change the lives of working
Americans for years to come. The first law gave more power to labor⁶ unions. The second created a federal system
to provide money for workers after they retired⁷.

Roosevelt's administration had already supported labor unions in an earlier law. But that law was over-ruled by
the Supreme Court. So in nineteen-thirty-five, the Congress passed a new law called the National Labor Relations
Act.

The act created a national labor relations group to help negotiate agreements between workers and business
owners. It gave all workers the right to join or form a labor union. And it ordered business owners to negotiate
with a union if it represented most of the workers.

The new law, for the first time, gave unions real power and negotiating rights.

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The other very important law passed during this period created the national social security system. The law
forced every worker and business owner to pay a small amount of money each month to the federal government.
In exchange, the government paid money to workers who had retired or lost their jobs.

The new law did not serve everyone. Farmers, government workers, and a number of other groups were not
included in the system. The plan also did nothing to help people who were already unemployed⁸. A person had to
have a job after the new system began and then lose it to get money.

However, the national social security law established a system that would grow and become a central part of
American life.

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Roosevelt also supported other new laws during this period that changed the American economy. A banking⁹ act
gave the nation's central bank -- the Federal Reserve Board -- new power to control the total amount of money in
use.

Another law increased taxes for rich people. A third law limited the power of major companies to gain control of
local electric utility companies.

The new laws openly challenged the power of big companies, big banks, and big money. Roosevelt rejected the
idea that government should cooperate with major companies. Instead, he accused many of the companies of
ruining the economy and hurting the working man. He called on Congress to help small companies and the
average American.

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Perhaps the most important change during this period was that Roosevelt became willing to accept a federal
budget that was not balanced. He began to agree with the views of Marriner Eccles, the head of the Federal
Reserve Bank.

Eccles believed that government had a duty to spend extra money during times of economic crisis. The extra
money, he said, would create jobs for more people. They could buy more goods. And this would increase
economic growth.

Eccles believed that it was good policy for a government to spend more money than it earned through taxes
during such periods. He argued that a growing economy would increase incomes and bring in more tax money.

VOICE 1:

Roosevelt's administration had spent more money than it earned ever since it took office. But the president and
his advisers¹⁰ did so only to end the economic crisis. They believed that it was a necessary evil. But Eccles and
others told Roosevelt that it was not bad for the nation if the government spent more than it earned.


The British economic expert, John Maynard Keynes, published an influential¹¹ book that supported the same
policy. And Roosevelt and his top advisers began to accept the new idea.

VOICE 2:

Roosevelt's economic policies were known as the "New Deal." But the many changes he made during this period
became known as the "Second New Deal."

They included some of the most important pieces of legislation in the history of the country, such as the National
Labor Relations Act and the Social Security law. And Roosevelt's willingness to accept an unbalanced budget
would be the first step toward federal budget shortages that would grow steadily¹² in the years to come.

Budget shortages would jump under President Lyndon Johnson during the war in Vietnam. They would be an
important cause of economic inflation in the United States and the world in the nineteen-seventies. And
Americans would elect Ronald Reagan president in nineteen-eighty partly to try to bring federal spending under
control.

In nineteen -thirty-five, however, most Americans agreed with Franklin Roosevelt that budget shortages were
necessary to fight the serious economic depression.

(Theme)

VOICE 1:

You have been listening to THE MAKING OF A NATION, a program in Special English by the Voice of
America. Your narrators were Harry¹³ Monroe and Larry West. Our program was written by David Jarmul. The
Voice of America invites you to listen again next week to THE MAKING OF A NATION.

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