VOA慢速英语2010年-Agriculture Report_ Mapping the Way to

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This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.

Soybeans are eaten by people and fed to animals. Some farmers grow them to replace lost nitrogen in the soil.

Soybeans were first grown in Asia thousands of years ago. Now scientists have a full genetic² map of the soybean. This is the first genome completed for a member of the legume family.

The genome will make it easier to target different qualities and develop improved crops. Sequencing the genes³, organizing all of them in order, will save many hours of searching. It will make it easier to search for what each gene¹ is responsible for.

A report on the genome appeared last week in the journal Nature.

Scott Jackson at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, helped lead the study team. He says the kind of soybeans they studied have forty-six thousand genes. Between seventy and eighty percent of them, however, are copies of other genes.

Some genes change or disappear over time. But Professor Jackson explains that soybeans have kept copies of most their genes. This is fairly unusual for plants, he says, and extremely unusual for animals.

Genes are organized along chromosomes⁴. These contain molecules⁵ of DNA⁶, the building blocks of life.

The researchers found that the sets of chromosomes in soybeans have copied themselves at least twice. It happened almost sixty million years ago and again thirteen million years ago.

Over time, genes develop changes, known as mutations. Scientists can tell when these changes happened. The number of mutations over time helped the team estimate when the duplications in soybeans took place.

The genome could help genetic engineers develop soybeans that are processed better by farm animals. Soybeans contain chemicals called phytates. These prevent the absorption of phosphorus in the diet.

Pigs and chickens especially are affected⁷. Undigested phosphorus in their waste can pollute water supplies.

Genetic engineering has already reduced phytates in soybeans. Now with the gene map there could be further reductions.

The genome could also help farmers avoid Asian soybean rust⁸ disease, a highly destructive fungus⁹ spread by the wind. The researchers say they found a gene for resistance to this disease. Now they have to find a way to use it.

And that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson. You can find transcripts¹⁰, MP3s and captioned¹¹ videos of our reports at voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Bob Doughty¹².