三十一、票据（Instrument）
1.A bona fide holder for value takes free
from any defect inthe title of his predecessors.
2. A check cannot be accepted.
3.An endorsement by the deawee is null and void.
4.An instrument is a document of title to money.
5.Every instrument constitutes an independent contract embodying a payment obligation.
6.The bill of exchange was in its inception confine largely to the financing of foreign trade.
7.The check is payable to bearer.
8.The promissory note is a document in which A promises to pay a sum of money to B.
9.They would almost certainly be held by the court to be negotiable instruments,albeit outside the scope of the Bills of Exchange Act.
10.This autonomy of the payment obligation
is essential to the marketability of instrument.
票据
有价证券善持有人有受前手所有权缺陷的影响。
支票不得承兑。
付款人背书无效。
票据是代表金钱支付权利的文据。
每张票据都构成一份独立的体现支付义务的合同。
汇票最初主要限于在外贸金融活动中使用。
向持票人付款的支票。
本票是规定甲方向乙方支付一笔款额的一种文据。
尽管不在《汇票法》规定之内，但法院几乎肯定将它们裁定为是流通票据。
支付义务的自动履行对票据的可流通性非常重要。
Part 32 Bankruptcy
1.A debtor may file for bankruptcy,which is called "voluntary bankruptcy".
2.Bankruptcy protects the debtor from debt collection by creditors.
3.He was adjudicated or declared bankrupt.
4.I'm broke.
5.Insolvency matters are covered under the Bankruptcy Code.
6.The company was close to bankruptcy.
7.The company was declared insolvent.
8.The court appointed a receiver to administer and liquidate the assets of an insolvent corporation.
9.The creditors decided ot initiate a bankruptcy proceeding.
10.The debt was discharged in bankruptcy.
破产
债务人可以申请破产，这叫做“自愿破产”。
破产程序保护债务人免受债权人的讨债。
他被宣判或宣布破产。
我破产了。
资不抵债事项由《破产法典》调整。
公司接近破产。
公司被宣布无清偿能力。
法院指定了一个接管人以管理和清算破产公司的资产。
债权人决定提起破产之诉。
在破产中债务被解除。
Part 33 Tort
1.In tort law the duty is imposed by the law.
2.Some jurisdictions have established this tort to provide a rimedy for malicious deeds.
3.Such tort-feasors are jointly and severally liable.
4.The law of tort provides rules of conduct that regulate how members fo society interact and remedies if the rules are breached and damage is suffered.
5.The law of tort aims to compensate those who have suffered as a result of a tort.
6.Tort law is a branch of civil law that is connected with civil wrongs,
but not contract actions.
7.Trot liability for negligence presupposes causality between the negligent act and the injury to person or property.
8.Trots are in themselves sufficient grounds
for bringing an action without the need to prove that damage has been suffered.
9.Torts can be divided into three categories depending on whether liability is based on intent, on negligence,or is absolute or strict without either intent or negligence.
10.Two of the largest categories of civil law are contract law and tort law.
侵权
在侵权法中，责任是由法律规定的。
有些司法管辖区规定了此种侵权行为，目的是对恶意行为受害人提供救济。
此种侵权行为为要承担共同和连带责任。
侵权行为法提供行为规则，规范社会成员的相互交往
以及在该规则被违反和损害发生是，如何进行救济。
侵权行为法的目的在于补偿被侵害人。
侵权法属于民法的一部分，其与民事过错相关，与合同行为无关。
过失侵权责任以过失行为与对人身或财产的侵权之间的因果关系为前提。
侵权本身足民构成起诉某人的证据，无须证明遭受了损失。
侵权可根据侵权责任的不同分为三类，
故意侵权责任，过失侵权责任，绝对侵权责任或无过错严格侵权责任。
民法中最大两个类别是合同法和侵权法。
Part 34 Appeal
1.Generally a party has the right to appeal
any judgment to at least one higher court.
2.He applied for judicial reiview by way of certiorari.
3.He has appealed to the Supreme Court.
4.He lost his appeal to the House of Lords.
5.The appeal court dismissed the appeal by wasy of case stated.
6.The appeal court overrode the decision of the lower court.
7.The appeal court quashed the verdict.
8.The appeal court reduced the fine imposed by the magistrates and released the sentence to seven year's imprisonment.
9.The Appeal Court rejiected the appeal on a tenchnicality.
10.The appeal from the court order will be heard next month.
11.The appeal judge held that the defendant was not in breach of his statutory duty.
12.The appeal was adjourned for affidavits to be obtained.
13.The appeal was rejected by the House of Lords.
14.The applicant sought judicial review to quash the bin-dover order.
15.The Bill proposes that any party to the proceedings may appeal.
16.The Court of Appeal has confirmed the judge's decision.
17.The Court of Appeal ordered a retrial.
18.The applicant sought judicial review to quash the order.
19.The litigants may appeal against a judgment or a ruling derived from the retrial.
20.We will appeal the decision to a higher court.
上诉
通常当事人对任何判决至少一次上诉权。
他申请用签发调卷令的方法获得司法审查。
他向最高法院上诉。
他在向上院提起的上诉中败诉。
上诉法院以书面审理下级法院的判案陈述方法驳回上诉。
上诉法院撤销了下级法院的裁决。
上诉法院撤消了裁决。
上诉法院减少了治安官所处的罚金，并将刑期减少到七年。
上诉法院驳回了就技术细节问题的上诉。
不服法院判决的上诉将于下月审理。
上诉法院法官裁定被告没有不履行他的法定职责。
为获得宣誓证明书，上诉被推迟。
上院拒绝受理上诉。
申请人请求司法审理以便废除责令某人守法的命令。议案建议讼任何一方都可以上诉。
上诉法院维持了一审法官的判决。
上诉法院命令重审。
申请人寻求司法复审以撤消命令。
当事人可就重审案件的判决或裁定进行上诉。
我方不服判决，要向一级法院上诉。
Part 35 Trial
1.A case is only authority for what it actually decides.
2.A judgment msut be impartial.
3.All legal systems have a rule that a judicial determination of a case is final.
4.Before trial the defendant may move to dismiss the case on the ground that the facts alleged do not constitute a crime.
5.Do not wait for the last judgment,it takes place everyday.
6.He was acquitted of the crime.
7.He was committed for trial in the Central Criminal Court.
8.He was sentenced to five years,but should serve only three with remission.
9.He was sentenced to two periods of years in prison,the sentences to run concurrently.
10.He was tried for murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
11.Judgment was entered for the plaintiff.
12.Now the court is in session.
13.Order in the court.
14.She was awarded substantial damages.
15.The adjudicator has to decide impartially between the two parties.
16.The case is listed to heard next week.
17.The clerk to the justices read out the indictment.
18.The case has been stood over to next week.
19.The court adjourned for a ten-minute break.
20.The hearing proceeded after the protesters were removed from the courtroom.
21.The hearings were held in camera.
22.The hearing was held up while counsel argued over procedural problems.
23.The offence carries a maximum sentence of two year's imprisonment.
24.The power to hear cases is called jurisdiction.
25.The trial lasted six days.
26.The trial took place in the absence of the defendant.
27.The clerk of the court read out the charges.
28.The objective of the pre-trial hearing is to shorten the actual trial time without infringing upon the rights of either party.
29.They all stood up when the judges entered the courtroom.
30.To give him a fair and impartial hearing is of great importance.
审判
判例只能用作实际判决事项的法律依据。
判决必须公正。
所有法律制度的规则都是将司法判作为最终手段。
审判前，被告方可以所控事实不构成犯罪为自由权，要求撤销案件。
审判永无终止，每天都在发生。
他被宣判无罪。
他被带到中央刑事法院受审。他被判了五年徒刑，但减刑后仅服刑三年。
他被判处两个两年的徒刑，该判决合执行。
他因谋杀而受审并被判处终生监禁。
判决原告胜诉。
现在开庭。
法庭内保持肃静。
她被判给予巨额损害赔偿金。
判决者必须在双方当事人中做公正的裁决。
该案已被安排在下周审理。
书记员宣读了刑事起诉书。
案子的审理被推迟到下个星期进行。
休庭10分钟。抗议者被逐出法庭后审理继续进行。
审判秘密进行。
当律师分争论程序问题时，审理被停止。
该罪行可最多可判处两年监禁。
审理案件的权力称为审判权。
审判延续了六天。
审判在被告缺席的情况下进行。
书记员宣读了控告书。
预审程序的目的在于缩短实际审理的时间而不侵犯双方当事人的权利。
当法官进入法庭进他们全部起立。
让他获得公下和无偏见的审理是很重要的。
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