托福语法讲解:定语从句(在线收听

   在句中充当定语的句子就叫做定语从句,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,修饰从句的先行词。

  考点一 先行词
  先行词严格的讲不是从句的一部分,但由于它是从句修饰的对象,对从句引导词的选择、从句谓语的数都起着决定作用,直接影响到定语从句的主谓一致问题
  例如:如果先行词是the girl,表示人,则引导词应是who或whom或that, 从句谓语必须是第三人称单数形式;
  She is the girl whom I saw in the zoo yesterday.
  She is the girl who sells computer.
  如果先行词是the goods, 则引导词是that或which, 从句谓语是第三人称复数形式
  Do you get the photos that I sent last week.
  例题:
  Resin is a substance that ---- in water.
  (A) does not dissolve
  (B) do not dissolve
  (C) not dissolving
  (D) not dissolved
  答案:A
  解释:此句主句是系表结构,表语substance由that引导的定语从句修饰, 空格处需要从句的谓语,C和D都是分词,无法独立作谓语,首先排除;substance是单数,依据从句主谓一致原则,动词也应是单数,故A正确
  考点二 关系代词
  大部分定语从句都由关系代词引导,主要的关系代词包括:that, who, which, whom, whose,
  其中可以代替人(指先行词)的是:that, who, whom;
  代替物的是that, which;
  whose之前既可接人又可接物,但必须和名词搭配使用。
  关系代词在从句中必须承担语法成分,可作从句的主语或宾语:
  作主语的关系代词是:that, who, which, whose,它们在从句中不可省略;
  作宾语的是:that, whom, which, 它们在从句中可省略
  注意:在作主语的关系代词中whose是唯一可和另一名词连用的
  作从句主语的句子,如:
  She's got a parrot that / which can speak “hello”.
  He' the man who /that takes charge of this department.
  Have you noticed the lady whose hair has gone grey?
  作从句宾语的句子,如:
  Is she the one (whom /that) you're looking for?(for之后不要加her)
  Show me the book (that /which) you read just now.(read之后不要加it)
  考点三 介词前置于关系代词
  当关系代词作句中介词的宾语时,介词可以前置于关系代词,此时关系代词不能省略,而且只能用which或whom.
  如:This is the road by which we came.
  That is the man about whom we have heard so much.
  注意:先行词为the way的定语从句中in which习惯上可以省略
  This is the way (in which) I make the problem out.
  例题:
  (1)
  And ideal is a standard ---- people judge phenomena.
  (A) how
  (B) of
  (C) by which
  (D) for it
  答案:C
  解释:空格前后都是主谓结构,可知需填入从句引导词,B, D可先排除;依句意应构成定语从句,故选C
  (2)
  In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late1800's Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation ---- the modern college rests.
  (A) is which
  (B) on which
  (C) which is on
  (D) on it
  答案:B
  解释:空格前后都有主谓结构, 显然空格处需要从句引导词, A、D可先排除, 从句已有主语college, C也肯定不对, 只有B是正确的定语从句, 其中词组rest on中的介词前置于关系代词which
  考点四 关系副词
  定语从句还可以由关系副词when, where或why引导,关系副词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语
  如:Have you ever been to the house where he used to live? (where=in which)
  I could hardly forget the day when my uncle passed away. (when=on which)
  Tell me the reason why I am fired. (why=for which)
  例题:
  (1)
  The knee is the joint----the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
  (A) when
  (B) where
  (C) why
  (D) which
  答案:B
  解释:空白处前后都包含主谓结构, 句意上后句是对前句joint一词的解释, 可推知需要填入定语从句引导词, 又因从句中主谓宾语俱全, 可知缺少的是表地点的关系副词, 那末A、C、D 均可排除
  考点五 定语从句类别
  定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种,其主要区别为:
  1. 非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。
  2. 非限定性定语从句中,引导词一般不用that,
  在修饰人时用who, whom, whose
  He had three children, all of whom had graduated from college.
  在修饰物时用 which
  3. 限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分,去掉会造成句意不清;而非限定性定语从句只是补充说明的作用,有无对句意影响不大,翻译时常译作独立的句子,而不是定语
  对比下列句子:
  He refused to reveal the man who had beaten him black and blue. (man是特定的)
  I no longer live in Beijing,  where air pollution did great harm to my health.
  (Beijing是众所周知的,无需限定,若限定则意味着世界上有不止一个北京)
  TOEFL考的基本都是限定性定语从句
  原文地址:http://www.tingroom.com/listen/vocabulary/196392.html