托福语法讲解:代词(在线收听

   代词顾名思义,用来替代前面出现过的成分,以使语言简练、避免重复。

  代词种类繁多,包括人称代词(如:I, him)、物主代词(如:her, ours, their)、反身代词(如:yourself, themselves)、指示代词(如:that, these)、不定代词(如:every, any)、疑问代词、关系代词等。这里集中讲解人称代词和物主代词,其他类型的代词在其他章节中分别阐述
  第一节 人称代词
  人称代词分为两类:主格和宾格,人称代词的格变化是TOEFL中的一个常考考点
  考点一 主格
  主格代词分别是:
  第一人称:I , we(复数)
  第二人称:you(单复同)
  第三人称:he, she, it, they(复数)
  主格代词在句中作主语,填空题缺少主语时,有时填主格代词
  例题:
  (1)
  Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, ----communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
  (A) however
  (B) they
  (C) furthermore
  (D) who
  答案:B
  解释:空白前分别是本句的从句和主句,主句中缺少主语, 只有B代词可独立作主语
  考点二 宾格
  (1) 宾格代词分别是:
  第一人称:me, us(复数)
  第二人称:you(单复同)
  第三人称:him, her, it, them(复数)
  例如:No one can jump over the channel except Mary and him  (这里用宾格,而不能用he)
  (2) 宾格代词在句中作动词或介词的宾语,改错题中常误用主格代词作宾语,应改为宾格
  例如:I go out with her. (注意介词 with)
  Most of us came from village. (注意介词of后面必须用宾格)
  例题:
  Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable ---- spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
  (A) they
  (B) to their
  (C) its
  (D) them to
  答案:D
  解释:空格处需要及物动词enable的宾语, A是主格代词, 不能作宾语; B、C中的物主代词不能接动词spring; D中的them是宾格代词作宾语, 同时to与spring构成不定式, 作复合宾语
  第二节 物主代词
  物主代词用来表示所属关系,分为形容词性和名词性两类
  一、形容词性物主代词
  形容词性物主代词分别是:
  第一人称:my, our(复数)
  第二人称:your(单复同)
  第三人称:his, her, its, their(复数)
  形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,只能作名词的限定词,如:my watch, their coach
  改错题经常误用其他类型的代词作名词定语,此时应改为形容词性物主代词
  二、名词性物主代词
  名词性物主代词分别是:
  第一人称:mine, ours(复数,我的东西,我们的东西)
  第二人称:yours(单复同, 你的东西)
  第三人称:his, hers, its, theirs(复数,它的东西,他们的东西)
  名词性物主代词相当于名词可单独使用作句子的主语、表语或宾语。
  例:  These pencils are theirs. (这些铅笔是他们的)
  This book are yours. Mine is over there. (yours 做宾语,Mine做主语)
  第三节 反身代词
  反身代词主要有:
  第一人称:myself, ourselves(复数)
  第二人称:yourself, yourselves(复数)
  第三人称:himself, herself, itself, themselves(复数)
  还有一个oneself
  1. 在TOEFL考试中,经常混淆反身代词的写法,结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错
  2. 反身代词的用法
  可以用来做宾语: He hurt himself when he fell.
  可以用来做表语: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)
  反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调, 表示“亲自”的意思
  I myself do it.
  I do it myself.
  They made the research themselves.
  但是不能够说:Himself does it. 应改为: He does it.
  This is himself's book.. 应改为:This is his own book..
  3.TOEFL考试中经常会出现反身代词用错的时候,其中最主要的是Oneself
  4.反身代词常和一些介词连用组成一些惯用语,了解它们对做题和阅读都大有帮助
  by oneself (单独、独自)
  He said that he could do it by himself.
  For oneself: 为了自己
  第四节 不定代词
  不定代词的用法区别在TOEFL中经常出现,这些区别对许多同学来讲比较容易混淆
  一、比较both 和All
  Both,either, neither都是在谈到两个人或者东西的时候用到
  Both of them are right. (他们两个人都对)
  You can take either book.(两本书你可以任意挑一本)
  Neither of them is going to get haircut. (他们俩谁也不愿意理发)
  All of the books are worth to read. (三本书以上)
  None of them is going to get haircut. (them指三个人以上)
  I like any of them. (them指三个人以上)
  二、None 和no
  None和no都用于否定的意思。但是None是“没有一个人或者没有一个东西”,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、同位语等。而No是“没有”的意思,只能够当作形容词用,不能够作代词用。
  None of them knew how to do it. (不能够说no of them)
  No women are allowed to come in.
  三、another, the other, others, the others
  1.在涉及到两个人或者东西的时候,任意取一个用one, 另外那个用the other(表示特指)
  I have two computers;  one is IBM,  the other is Dell.
  2.涉及到三个以上时,任意取一个用one, 泛指另外一个用another
  Three people went to the meeting. One was a software programmer, another was a network expert, and the third was a college student.
  3.涉及到三个以上时,任意取一个用one, 表示特指其他的那些用the others或者用
  the other+名词
  Two of them go to Canada, the others go to America.
  (他们中两个人去了加拿大,其他人去了美国)
  Two of the students go to Canada, the other students go to America.
  原文地址:http://www.tingroom.com/listen/vocabulary/196397.html