国家地理 我们为什么说谎(3)（在线收听）

The ubiquity of lying was first documented systematically by Bella DePaulo, a social psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Two decades ago DePaulo and her colleagues asked 147 adults to jot down for a week every instance they tried to mislead someone. The researchers found that the subjects lied on average one or two times a day. Most of these untruths were innocuous, intended to hide one's inadequacies or to protect the feelings of others. Some lies were excuses -- one subject blamed the failure to take out the garbage on not knowing where it needed to go. Yet other lies -- such as a claim of being a diplomat's son -- were aimed at presenting a false image. While these were minor transgressions, a later study by DePaulo and other colleagues involving a similar sample indicated that most people have, at some point, told one or more "serious lies" -- hiding an affair from a spouse, for example, or making false claims on a college application.

来自加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的社会心理学家贝拉·德保罗，首次将谎言的普遍性系统地记录在案。20年前，德保罗和她的同事们要求147名成年人做一个为期一周的实验，在实验中记录下他们每一个试图误导他人的例子。研究人员发现，被试平均每天撒谎一次或两次。这些谎言大部分是无害的，旨在掩盖自己的不足或保护别人的感受。一些谎言则是借口，就像是把垃圾拿出来却不知道要丢到哪里的借口。还有一些谎言的目的在于提出虚伪的形象，比如声称自己是外交官的儿子。虽然这都是一些轻微的过错，由德保罗和其他同事提到的类似案例的随后研究表明，大多数人在某种程度上都说过一个或多个严重的谎言——遮掩自己的外遇行为或者在大学的申请中提供虚假的文书信息。

That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn't surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language. The ability to manipulate others without using physical force likely conferred an advantage in the competition for resources and mates, akin to the evolution of deceptive strategies in the animal kingdom, such as camouflage. "Lying is so easy compared to other ways of gaining power," notes Sissela Bok, an ethicist at Harvard University who's one of the most prominent thinkers on the subject. "It's much easier to lie in order to get somebody's money or wealth than to hit them over the head or rob a bank."

人类应该普遍拥有欺骗彼此的天赋，我们不应该对此感到惊讶。研究人员推测，说谎行为诞生于语言出现之后不久。在不使用物理力量的情况下，操纵他人的能力可能在竞争资源和伴侣方面具有优势，类似于动物王国中欺骗性战略的演变，如伪装。哈佛大学的伦理学家西塞拉·博克是这一领域最突出的思想家之一，他说： “与其他获得权力的方法相比，说谎是非常容易的。为了获得钱或财富，说谎比打倒某人或抢劫银行容易多了。”

As lying has come to be recognized as a deeply ingrained human trait, social science researchers and neuroscientists have sought to illuminate the nature and roots of the behavior. How and when do we learn to lie? What are the psychological and neurobiological underpinnings of dishonesty? Where do most of us draw the line? Researchers are learning that we're prone to believe some lies even when they're unambiguously contradicted by clear evidence. These insights suggest that our proclivity for deceiving others, and our vulnerability to being deceived, are especially consequential in the age of social media. Our ability as a society to separate truth from lies is under unprecedented threat.

说谎已被认为是根深蒂固的人格特征，社会科学的研究人员和科学家都试图阐明说谎行为的性质和根源。我们如何又何时学会说谎？不诚实的心理和神经生物学基础是什么？我们多数人的底线在哪呢？研究人员发现即使在明确的证据表明矛盾的情况下，我们也容易相信一些谎言。这些见解表明，我们欺骗他人的倾向，以及我们被欺骗的脆弱性在社交媒体时代尤为明显。作为一个社群，我们区分谎言和真相的能力也受到前所未有的威胁。