PBS高端访谈:土耳其对叙利亚的进攻继续（在线收听）

JUDY WOODRUFF: Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said today that he wouldn't agree to President Trump's request to declare a cease-fire in Northern Syria. The political map of that area has been redrawn since the U.S. military began withdrawing in the last few days. Nick Schifrin examines how one city, Manbij, represents how profound the consequences of that decision could be.

NICK SCHIFRIN: The story of Manbij is the story of the Syrian civil war, and a city that achieved hard-fought stability is becoming Syria's most contested battleground. In 2012, Manbij residents joined nationwide protests and called for the overthrow of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. They took over the city. In 2014, those rebels lost the city to ISIS. An English-speaking ISIS fighter filmed celebrations downtown.

MAN: You can see it's beautiful. All the brothers are here. We are celebrating. Alhamdulillah.

NICK SCHIFRIN: In 2016, the U.S. fought back. American and European airstrikes targeted ISIS fighters, and U.S.-backed majority Kurdish forces provided the ground strength. The fight was difficult, and many Kurds died. Months later, the city was liberated, but decimated. ISIS' paint had barely dried, but the Manbij military council met in this small room to plot the city's recovery. Slowly, life returned, assisted by U.S. troops who arrived in 2018 as part of a strategy to stabilize cities to prevent ISIS' return. The top U.S. general in the Middle East even toured a revitalized market without body armor. U.S. troops conducted patrols with Kurdish partners to try and maintain that stability. By this past January, Major General Jamie Jarrard proudly received a Kurdish flag and hugged Kurds he called his partners.

MAJ. GEN. JAMIE JARRARD, U.S. Army Special Forces: Our presence here has enabled this area here to be stable.

NICK SCHIFRIN: The U.S. military also established joint patrols with Turkey. But, in the last week, those patrols ended. Overnight, the U.S. started to withdraw, and the free-for-all began. From the north, the Turkish military is advancing toward Manbij and vows to seize control. Their offensive has already wounded and killed civilians. From the south, Syrian TV showed Syrian troops entering Manbij for the first time in seven years. And in the middle, those are Russian troops, who today announced they are keeping the peace. On Facebook, a Russian journalist showed off a U.S. base completely abandoned. Manbij's future is unclear, but what is clear, it won't be controlled by the U.S. or its partners.

朱迪·伍德拉夫：今天，土耳其总统埃尔多安今天说不会同意特朗普总统在叙利亚北部宣布停火的请求。自从过去几天里霉菌开始撤军以来，该地区的政治地图发生了变化。我台记者尼克了解了一下曼比季这个城市的现状是如何表明美国撤军决定的后果的。

尼克：曼比季见证了叙利亚内战，这座城市抗争许久才争取到了稳定，这是叙利亚最常出现战火硝烟的地方。2012年，曼比季的市民们加入了全国范围的抗议，呼吁让总统阿萨德下台。市民们从总统手里接管了这座城市。2014年，叛军输给了IS，这座城市也由IS掌控。一位会说英语的IS战士录下了城镇上庆祝的场面。

男：大家可以看到，这里很漂亮。我的所有兄弟们都在这儿，我们一起庆祝。

尼克：2016年，美国进行了反击。美国和欧洲的空袭都以IS战士为目标，而得到美国支持的大多数库尔德军队也提供了地面打击。战况焦灼，很多库尔德战士都阵亡了。数月后，这座城市获得了解放，但已经面目全非。IS留下了满目疮痍。曼比季军事委员会在这个小房间里会晤，商讨重建曼比季的事情。慢慢地，这里恢复了生机。2018年，美军抵达这里并提供了帮助。他们的一部分是实现各城市的稳定，防止IS卷土重来。美国在中东的高级军官甚至在没有兵戎相见的情况下就重新恢复了市场的活力。美国军队跟库尔德伙伴一起巡逻，想要尝试让稳定持续。到今年1月为止，少将杰米骄傲地收到了库尔德旗帜，他拥抱了自己称为伙伴的库尔德人。

少将杰米，美国陆军特种部队：我们在这里能让这里实现稳定。

尼克：美军也跟土耳其一起建立了联合巡逻。但巡逻上周结束了。一夜之间，美国开始撤军，混战又开始了。土耳其军队从北方向曼比季进发，承诺会掌控这里。他们的攻势导致许多平民伤亡。叙利亚电视台报道，进叙利亚军队在近7年来首次从南方进入曼比季。中部是俄罗斯的军队。俄军今天宣布他们正在维护和平。在脸书上，某俄罗斯记者炫耀了彻底被遗弃的美国基地。曼比季的未来尚不明朗，但现在明确的是——这里并不为美国或者其伙伴所掌控。