The Sounds of Grammar with Betty Azar

 

For VOA Learning English, this is Everyday Grammar.

Today we have a special guest host. Betty Azar is the most successful writer of grammar textbooks in the world. Generations of English learners will recognize her best-selling book Understanding and Using English Grammar. The famous blue grammar book, now in its fourth edition, is in use at language schools across the world. Ms. Azar also supports research and professional development in the English language teaching field. Today Ms. Azar will offer some advice on how to hear the sounds of grammar.

STUDENT: "English speakers talk too fast! I can't understand what they're saying."

BETTY AZAR: Does that sound familiar? It's a common complaint of English language learners, one I've heard often from my university-level ESL students through the years.

Normal contracted speech, especially in everyday conversational¹ usage, can speed by like a bullet train. It can leave learners feeling a little dazed as they try to catch the meaning.

For most adult learners, reading is, of course, much easier to understand. When understanding English is just between you and the written page, you can go as slowly as you want. You can go back and read words again, perhaps break down the grammar. You can even leisurely² look up the meaning of a word.

And at least in writing there are spaces between words. If only that were true in speaking! If only speakers paused briefly³ between words, it would be so much easier for learners.

Teachers in second language classes often speak slowly and distinctly, as I am doing now. But in the real world, well, it's not going to happen. Or, to say that in normal contracted speech,

Well, i'snotgonnahappen.

Speakers squeeze sounds together, or drop sounds, or say them so softly and quickly that a listener can barely hear them. When you listen to my sentence again, notice that the t is almost completely dropped from it's, and going to becomes gonna.

Well, i'snot gonna happen.

As a teacher, I've often heard students say things like

Bye. I leaving now. I see you tomorrow.

What's missing? The grammar sounds are missing, in this case the m and l sounds for am and will. Listen for them in the corrected sentences:

Bye. I'm leaving now. I'll see you tomorrow.

The m and l sounds are barely said aloud. But a native speaker hears them. Do you? Listen again.

Bye. I'm leaving now. I'll see you tomorrow.

And then, sometimes native speakers drop not only sounds but complete words. Listen to this:

Bye. ‘M leavin' now. See you tomorrow.

If you're saying "Not fair!," you're not the first English learner to feel that way!

Grammar students learn that am, is, are and helping⁴ verbs (for example, will, have, would) are often contracted with pronouns in both speaking and writing, as in I'm and I'll. But most students also find it helpful to know that in everyday spoken English these verbs are usually contracted with nouns and question words, too.

Here's a sentence about a man named Tom. Tom is a noun.

In writing, you will see

Don't worry. Tom will be here soon.

In speaking, you will hear

Don't worry. Tom'll be here soon.

Listen for Tom will again:

Don't worry. Tom'll be here soon.

Here's another example of a contraction⁵ with a noun:

My book is on the table.

becomes

My book's on the table.

And another example, this time with are:

In writing you will see

My books are on the table.

In speaking you will hear

My books're on the table.

Again:

My books're on the table.

The verb sounds are so quick that it's almost impossible to hear them unless you expect to hear them. Listen again:

My book's on the table.

My books're on the table.

Question words (such as where, when, why) are similarly contracted in speech.

In writing, each word is separate. For example:

Where are the students? Where have they gone?

In spoken English, the question word is contracted with the verb:

Where're the students? Where've they gone?

Again:

Where're the students? Where've they gone?

No wonder it's hard for learners to catch these grammar sounds! If you think English speakers talk really fast, you're right. They do!

Do and did are also often reduced. Listen for do you :

D'you know Mrs. Lee?

Again:

D'you know Mrs. Lee?

Did can be a quick d sound when it's combined with a question word. Listen for where did and what did:

Where'd she go? What'd she do?

Again:

Where'd she go? What'd she do?

Here's another example of shortened spoken English that my students usually enjoy. Two people are talking.

D'ja eat yet?

No, d'joo?

In other words, spoken slowly:

Did you eat yet?

No, did you?

Did is a good example of a function word. A function word gives grammar information. In the sentence Did you eat yet?, did tells us that the speaker is talking about the past and is asking a question. In contrast, eat is a content word. So are words such as Tom, yesterday, lunch. Content words have specific meanings. Function words are the ones that are the hardest to hear in speech. Content words are usually said more clearly and loudly.

Along with helping verbs, other common function words are and, to, the, and a. Let's look at and. And shows the relationship between two nouns: Bob and Tom tells us there are two people.

Like most function words, and is usually reduced:

I had lunch with Bob ‘n Tom yesterday.

A learner could easily think that "Bobbintom" is one word!

To is usually reduced to a slight t sound:

Let's ask Tom to come with us.

sounds like

Let's ask Tom t'come with us.

Again:

Let's ask Tom t'come with us.

The and a can be especially hard for learners to hear. Listen for the and a:

In class yesterday, I asked the teacher a question.

Even if you know the and a are supposed to be there, you have to listen hard to hear them. Listen again:

In class yesterday, I asked the teacher a question.

Native speakers can hear the softer sounds of function words, but it can be very difficult for second language learners to hear them. Knowing some grammar can help. For example, learners are more likely to hear and to say Bye. I'm leaving now. I'll see you later if they are familiar with the forms and meanings of verb tenses.

If learners don't know what grammar sounds they're supposed to hear, chances are they won't hear them. If they don't hear them, chances are they won't include them in their own speaking and writing. In other words, an awareness⁶ of grammar can prepare you to understand what you're hearing, and hearing the sounds of grammar can, in turn, help you use English more accurately⁷.

I'm Betty Azar.

Words in This Story

contracted – participial adj. shortened

dazed – participial adj. confused and surprised

squeeze – v. push close together

leisurely – adv. in a slow, relaxed way

contraction – gramm. two words combined into one word, e.g., I am = I'm

chances are (that) - idiomatic⁸ phrase. it is probable (that)

in turn - idiomatic phrase. as a result

1 conversational   

adj.对话的，会话的

参考例句：

• The article is written in a conversational style.该文是以对话的形式写成的。
• She values herself on her conversational powers.她常夸耀自己的能言善辩。

2 leisurely   

adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的

参考例句：

• We walked in a leisurely manner,looking in all the windows.我们慢悠悠地走着，看遍所有的橱窗。
• He had a leisurely breakfast and drove cheerfully to work.他从容的吃了早餐，高兴的开车去工作。

3 briefly   

adv.简单地，简短地

参考例句：

• I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
• He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。

4 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

5 contraction   

n.缩略词，缩写式，害病

参考例句：

• The contraction of this muscle raises the lower arm.肌肉的收缩使前臂抬起。
• The forces of expansion are balanced by forces of contraction.扩张力和收缩力相互平衡。

6 awareness   

n.意识，觉悟，懂事，明智

参考例句：

• There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
• Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。

7 accurately   

adv.准确地，精确地

参考例句：

• It is hard to hit the ball accurately.准确地击中球很难。
• Now scientists can forecast the weather accurately.现在科学家们能准确地预报天气。

8 idiomatic   

adj.成语的，符合语言习惯的

参考例句：

• In our reading we should always be alert for idiomatic expressions.我们在阅读过程中应经常注意惯用法。
• In his lecture,he bore down on the importance of idiomatic usage in a language.他在演讲中着重强调了语言中习惯用法的重要性。