Apple’s Plan to Search for Child Sexual Images Concerns Privacy Activists

Apple recently announced plans to use a tool designed to identify known child sexual images on iPhones.

The decision was praised by child protection groups. But some privacy activists¹ and security researchers have raised concerns. They warn that the system could be misused² to search for other kinds of information or be used by governments to watch citizens.

How does it work?

Apple says the tool, called "NeuralHash," will scan all images kept on the device that are sent to iCloud, the company's online storage system. iPhone users can choose in their settings whether to send photos to iCloud or have them remain on the device. If the images are not sent to iCloud, Apple says they will not be scanned by the new tool.

The system searches for photos included in a database of known child sexual abuse images collected by law enforcement. Apple's scanning system will change the images into a "hash." This is a numerical piece of data that can identify the images but cannot be used to recreate them. This hash will be uploaded and compared against the law enforcement image database.

If the system matches an image with one in the database, it will be examined by a human. If the person confirms the image as a match, the device user's account will be locked and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) will be contacted.

The system is designed to only identify images already included in the existing database. Apple says parents taking innocent photos of unclothed children need not worry about such images being identified.

Concerns about possible abuse

Some security researchers have criticized the way NeuralHash "sees" the images and say the system could be used for dangerous purposes.

Matthew Green is a top cryptography researcher at Johns Hopkins University. He told the Associated Press that he fears the system could be used to accuse innocent people. It could send users images that seem harmless but that the system would report as child sexual material. Green said researchers have been able to easily fool similar systems in the past.

Another possible abuse could be a government seeking to watch dissidents or protesters. "What happens when the Chinese government says, ‘Here is a list of files that we want you to scan for,'" Green asked. "Does Apple say no? I hope they say no, but their technology won't say no."

In an online explanation of its system, Apple said it "will refuse any such (government) demands."

Apple has been under pressure from governments and law enforcement to permit increased observation of data that it encrypts on its devices. The company said its new tool was designed to operate "with user privacy in mind." It also claimed the system was built to reduce the chance of misidentification to one in one trillion each year.

However, some privacy researchers said the system represents a clear change for a company that has been praised for its leadership on privacy and security.

In a joint³ statement, India McKinney and Erica Portnoy of the Electronic Frontier Foundation warned that Apple's new tool "opens a backdoor to your private life." The two noted⁴ that it may be impossible for outside researchers to confirm whether Apple is operating the system as promised.

Apple's system was also criticized by former U.S. National Security Agency contractor⁵ Edward Snowden. Snowden lives in exile because he is wanted in the U.S. on spying charges linked to his release of information on secret government programs for gathering⁶ intelligence.

He tweeted that with the new tool, Apple was offering "mass surveillance to the entire world." Snowden added: "Make no mistake, if they can scan for kiddie porn today, they can scan for anything tomorrow."

Separately, Apple announced it was adding new tools to warn children and parents when sexually explicit⁷ images are received or sent. This system is designed to identify and blur⁸ such images and warn children and parents about the content. Apple says the tool will only work for messages in child accounts registered in the company's Family Sharing system.

Apple said the changes will come out later this year with new releases of its device operating systems.

Words in This Story

scan – v. to look at (something) carefully usually in order to find someone or something

match – n. a person or thing that is equal to another

cryptography – n. the use of special codes to keep information safe in computer networks

encrypt – v. to change (information) from one form to another especially to hide its meaning

surveillance – n. the act of carefully watching activities of people especially in order to control crime or the spread of disease

porn (pornography)– n. movies, pictures, magazines, etc., that show or describe naked people or sex in an open and direct way in order to cause sexual excitement

explicit – adj. showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed⁹ way

blur – v. to make (something) unclear or difficult to see or remember

1 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 misused   

v.使用…不当( misuse的过去式和过去分词 )；把…派作不正当的用途；虐待；滥用

参考例句：

• He misused his dog shamefully. 他可耻地虐待自己的狗。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He had grossly misused his power. 他严重滥用职权。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

4 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

5 contractor   

n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌

参考例句：

• The Tokyo contractor was asked to kick $ 6000 back as commission.那个东京的承包商被要求退还6000美元作为佣金。
• The style of house the contractor builds depends partly on the lay of the land.承包商所建房屋的式样，有几分要看地势而定。

6 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

7 explicit   

adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的

参考例句：

• She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
• He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。

8 blur   

n.模糊不清的事物；vt.使模糊，使看不清楚

参考例句：

• The houses appeared as a blur in the mist.房子在薄雾中隐隐约约看不清。
• If you move your eyes and your head,the picture will blur.如果你的眼睛或头动了，图像就会变得模糊不清。

9 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。