立冬啦 关于冬天不可不知的3个单词

 　　A polar vortex, also known as a circumpolar vortex, is a wind current that circulates above the North and South Poles. The currents sit like spinning hats above the Poles.

　　极地涡旋，又叫环极涡旋，是环绕在南极和北极上空的一股气流，它就像一顶在极地上空不停旋转的草帽一样。

　　During the winter season, the northern polar vortex typically increases in strength as it is blanketed in 24 hours of darkness. Heat from the surface rises into the atmosphere and creates an area of low pressure above each Pole. The warm air becomes colder because of the lack of sunlight and is contained over the polar region by a jet stream.

　　冬天的时候，北极由于全天24小时被黑暗笼罩，因此极地涡旋的力度更强。陆地表面的热量上升到大气层中并在极地上空形成低气压。由于缺乏光照热空气变冷被高速气流包裹在极地地区上空。

　　When the jet stream—a result of colder air over the polar region pushing up against warmer air—is strong, the air stays trapped in the vortex above the polar region. But when the jet stream is weak, undulations or kinks in the jet stream cause polar air streams to travel farther south, an arm of cold air breaking out of an icy circle.

　　当由于极地地区上空的冷空气推动热空气造成的高速气流很强的时候，空气会被困在极地地区上空的涡旋中。而当高速气流较弱时，来回波动纠结的高速气流会导致极地空气气流向南快速移动，于是一股冷空气就形成了。

　　The polar vortex itself is nothing new. It has existed for many years, and "it will continue to be there," says Vaccaro. The term "has appeared in meteorologist glossaries¹ dating back to at least the 1950s.

　　"极地涡旋本身并不是一个新的现象，它已经存在好几年了，而且“还会继续存在”，克里斯说。这个词出现在气象学词汇的时间可以至少追溯到二十世纪五十年代。

　　Bombogenesis“炸弹生成”

　　词汇专家袁新民老师说：

　　bomb属于拟声词。

　　词根gene或gen表示“生，产生”，作为后缀的-sis表示“过程，活动，状态”。

　　作为整体构词成分，-genesis 表示“起源”， “形成”，“发源”，“创造”，“演变”。

　　Bombogenesis is meteorological slang that describes a rapidly developing storm system as noted² by the raid fall of its central pressure. The word originates from "cyclogenesis." Bombogenesis is a form of cyclogenesis. "The so-called 'bomb' is when the barometric³ pressure drops sharply," said Vaccaro. The lower the barometric pressure, the stronger the storm.

　　“炸弹生产”是用来描述一种迅速发展的暴风雪，它的特点是其中心气压的快速突袭。该词起源于词汇“气旋生成”。“炸弹生成”是气旋生成的一种。“所谓的‘炸弹’就是指大气压迅速下降的时候。”克里斯说。大气压越低，风暴越强。

　　This type of storm is common on the East Coast. For instance, many nor'easters are created through bombogenesis.

　　这种类型的暴风雪在东海岸很常见。比如许多东北风都是由它形成的。

　　Meteorologist John Bolaris at Philly.com was the first to use the term "bombogenesis" to describe the large, fast-moving snowstorm that was heading toward the East Coast. NPR journalist Mark Memmott noticed the unusual word and wrote his own article called "What Is This Bombogenesis And Why Is It Dumping Snow On Us?" Memmott's story went viral and brought national attention to the word.

　　气象学家约翰?博拉瑞斯在Philly网站上首次使用“炸弹生成”来描述当时正在向东海岸移动的剧烈、迅猛的暴风雪。美国国家公共广播之声的记者马克?麦默特注意到了这个特别的词并撰写了一篇文章名为《“炸弹生成”是什么以及它为什么会带来大雪》。马克的这篇文章像病毒一样迅速传播，引起了大家对这个新词的关注。

　　Williwaw

　　火地岛重力风

　　词汇专家袁新民老师说：

　　williwaw的词源不确定，一种可能是willy-willy即whirly（旋转的）,whirlwind（旋风）的缩略变体。

　　"Williwaw" describes a violent windstorm created when gravity pulls high-density cold air down from a mountain to the sea. Williwaw is a colloquial⁴ word for a katabatic wind in Alaska, where the strong winds can be dangerous for local fishermen.

　　火地岛重力风指的是由于重力的缘故形成的携带稠密空气的剧烈风暴。它是一个口语词汇，用来指阿拉斯加的一种重力风，这种强风对当地的渔民非常危险。

　　The origin of the word "williwaw" is unknown; the Oxford⁵ Dictionary dates the use of the word back to the middle of the 19th century. And if you want to impress your friends, you should also learn the term "katabatic winds." That's a term meteorologists use to describe gusts⁶ of wind associated with the buildup of dense⁷ air. And such winds aren't confined to cold areas.

　　这个词的起源并不清楚。牛津词典上该词的使用可以追溯到二十世纪中期。如果你想在你的朋友面前酷一把，那你还得知道“重力风”这个词。这是气象学家们常用来形容集结了稠密空气的阵风。这种风并不局限在寒冷地区。

　　Another famous katabatic wind is known as a Santa Ana, which blows over southern California in autumn and winter. Santa Anas are warm, dry winds created when air is compressed as it moves down a mountain range. These dry katabatic winds are associated with spreading wildfires.

　　另外一种有名的重力风是桑塔阿那风，它出现在加州南部的秋天和冬天。桑塔阿那风是温暖、干燥的风，是空气在向山脉移动的过程中被压缩而形成的。这种干燥的重力风常会导致野火蔓延。

　　Now to try using these new words in a sentence.

　　好啦，现在你就可以开始秀这三个新词啦。

1 glossaries   

（书尾的）词汇表，难词汇编( glossary的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Textbooks sometimes have glossaries at the end. 教科书有时在书末附有词汇表。
• InsWeb: Auto Insurance Learning Center-Provides articles, reports, glossaries and information auto insurance. 提供汽车保险相关常识、报告、词汇等资讯。

2 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

3 barometric   

大气压力

参考例句：

• Electricity compensates for barometric pressure as well as system pressure variations. 用电补偿大气压和系统压力的变化。
• A barometric altimeter indicates height above sea level or some other selected elevation. 气压高度表用以指示海平面或另外某个被选定高度以上的高度。

4 colloquial   

adj.口语的，会话的

参考例句：

• It's hard to understand the colloquial idioms of a foreign language.外语里的口头习语很难懂。
• They have little acquaintance with colloquial English. 他们对英语会话几乎一窍不通。

5 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

6 gusts   

一阵强风( gust的名词复数 )； （怒、笑等的）爆发； （感情的）迸发； 发作

参考例句：

• Her profuse skirt bosomed out with the gusts. 她的宽大的裙子被风吹得鼓鼓的。
• Turbulence is defined as a series of irregular gusts. 紊流定义为一组无规则的突风。

7 dense   

a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的

参考例句：

• The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
• The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。