追忆短暂的英国计算机创新

 Electronic Dreams: How 1980s Britain Learned to Love the Computer By Tom Lean Bloomsbury/Sigma ￡16.99

《电子梦：20世纪80年代英国人如何迷上计算机》(Electronic Dreams: How 1980s Britain Learned to Love the Computer)，汤姆?利恩(Tom Lean)著，Bloomsbury/Sigma出版，售价16.99英镑。

In 1983 Britain proudly boasted the highest level of computer ownership in the world, technology historian Tom Lean tells us in his entertaining and affectionate, if for the most part nostalgic, book on the country’s relationship with computers. About one in 10 UK homes, he writes, had a computer, more than in the US or Japan.

1983年英国自豪地宣称拥有全球最高的计算机普及率，科技史学家汤姆?利恩在他的书中写道。这本书有趣、深情，以大篇幅的怀旧，叙写了英国和计算机之间的渊源。他写道，大约每10个英国家庭就有1家拥有计算机，超过当时的美国或日本。

At the same time, the UK had several computer manufacturers, one of which was making more of them than any other company in the world — Sir Clive Sinclair’s Sinclair Research. There was even a Welsh computer, the Dragon 32. And the UK had an early version of the internet, Prestel, set up by the Post Office. It trialled an early version of Ocado et al, with the wonderfully terrible name, The Armchair Grocer.

同时，英国当时有数家计算机制造商，其中一家的计算机产量超过世界上的任何其他公司，这就是克莱夫?辛克莱爵士(Sir Clive Sinclair)的Sinclair Research公司。当时甚至还有一种名为Dragon 32的威尔士产计算机。英国还出现了互联网的雏形——英国邮局(Post Office)建立的视讯系统Prestel。Prestel试验了类似Ocado等在线超市的雏形系统，就是名字蹩脚了点儿，叫“扶手椅杂货铺”(The Armchair Grocer)。

Another remarkable¹ fact from Electronic Dreams: which UK company would you imagine was, by 1951, the world’s first to use a computer for business, and started making computers for other companies?

《电子梦》还展示了另一个令人惊讶的事实：你能想象在1951年是哪家英国企业在全世界率先将计算机应用于商业、并开始为其他公司制造计算机吗？

It was J. Lyons and Co, the teashop chain. Its computer business, LEO, kept going until 1963. Lyons’ role as a computer manufacturing pioneer is the more astonishing — at least to anyone old enough to remember the ostensibly low-tech J. Lyons cafés — in that there was stiff competition from within the UK; companies such as Ferranti, Elliott Brothers, English Electric and British Tabulating² Machinery³ were all selling British boffin-made computers globally.

那就是连锁茶商J. Lyons and Co。其计算机业务LEO一直经营至1963年。Lyons作为计算机制造业先驱更为令人震惊的是（至少对年纪足够大的人而言是如此，他们还记得Lyons看起来科技含量很低的咖啡馆），当时Lyons在英国面临激烈的竞争。Ferranti、Elliott Brothers、英国电气(English Electric)以及英国制表机械(British Tabulating Machinery)等公司都在向全球出售着英产计算机。

Britain’s role in computing⁴, as it emerges in Lean’s book, is similar to England’s place in the history of football. At each juncture⁵, from the work of Alan Turing to Sir Clive to Sir Tim Berners-Lee, even to Sir Alan Sugar at a stretch, the UK was a prime innovator⁶, only later to become a minor⁷ player.

在利恩的书中，英国在计算机领域的地位，堪比英格兰之于足球史。在每一个转折点上，从艾伦?图灵(Alan Turing)的研究，至克莱夫爵士，再至蒂姆?伯纳斯?李爵士(Sir Tim Berners-Lee)，直至艾伦?休格爵士( Sir Alan Sugar)，英国一度都是计算机行业的创新先锋，后来却变得无足轻重。

Yet while the average non-Brit would probably regard Britain’s part in computing history to be about as interesting as, say, Portugal’s, the UK does still punch significantly above its weight. While few in Britain, you would suspect, used a British computer between around 1995 and the emergence⁸ of the Raspberry Pi in 2012, UK tech companies such as ARM, which has its roots in Acorn⁹ Computers, are still of global importance.

不过，虽然对那些并非英国人的大众而言，在计算机史上英国就跟葡萄牙一样名不见经传，英国却仍然在这一领域尽力而为。难以想象在1995年左右至2012年卡片式电脑树莓派(Raspberry Pi)诞生之间，在英国还有人使用国产电脑，然而，英国的科技公司，比如起源于Acorn计算机公司(Acorn Computers)的ARM，在全球仍然举足轻重。

But the British are slightly in love with stories of national failure, and it is hard for a true Brit not to giggle¹⁰ slightly reading that the Post Office picked up only 6,000 Prestel users in its first year, peaking at 90,000, with just 12,000 when it died in 1991. The French pre-internet computer network equivalent, Minitel, peaked at 9m.

但英国人对于讲英国失败的故事会有一种微妙的喜爱，读到Prestel的兴衰史每个真正的英国人都会忍俊不禁。在Prestel建立的头一年，英国邮局只网罗到6000名该系统的用户，Prestel巅峰时期的用户量是9万，到1991年倒闭时是1.2万。而法国与之对应的互联网前身Minitel，用户量的巅峰值是900万。

This book is nevertheless very much for British readers, mostly of a certain age. I enjoyed reminiscences of people starting British computer magazines and shops in the 1970s, but as history it is a little niche¹¹.

不过这本书在很大程度上是为英国人而写，特别是某特定年龄段的英国人。我就很喜欢其中追忆上世纪70年代英国计算机杂志及商店创始者的部分。但作为历史类书籍，这本书略显小众。

When it steers¹², however, towards the colourful history of Sir Clive — especially reminding us of the 1984 fight in a Cambridge pub with his erstwhile right-hand man, Chris Curry¹³, by then at rival Acorn — it is glorious stuff. Lean accuses the British tabloid¹⁴ press of overblowing the incident, but I still feel it was a bit underblown.

书中对克莱夫爵士的精彩轶事描写尤为精湛，使我们对1984年剑桥小酒馆发生的冲突记忆犹新，在那里克莱夫爵士与他曾经的得力助手、当时为竞争对手Acorn效力的克里斯?柯里(Chris Curry)发生争执。利恩指责英国小报对这一事件过分渲染，但我仍觉意犹未尽。

It prompted a marvellous 2009 BBC drama, Micro Men, but had it happened in Palo Alto, it would have made a Hollywood movie.

由这段插曲还衍生出一部精彩的BBC电视电影《英国电脑鼻祖》(Micro Men)，如果它发生在帕罗奥图(Palo Alto)，一部好莱坞电影说不定会应运而生。

1 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

2 tabulating   

把（数字、事实）列成表( tabulate的现在分词 )； 制表

参考例句：

• The Census Office did not finish tabulating the results until 1888. 直到1888年，人口普查办公室才完成统计数字表格。
• By 1890 a revolutionary electrical tabulating system was available. 到了1890年，一种具有革命意义的电动制表装置投入使用。

3 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。

4 computing   

n.计算

参考例句：

• to work in computing 从事信息处理
• Back in the dark ages of computing, in about 1980, they started a software company. 早在计算机尚未普及的时代（约1980年），他们就创办了软件公司。

5 juncture   

n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头

参考例句：

• The project is situated at the juncture of the new and old urban districts.该项目位于新老城区交界处。
• It is very difficult at this juncture to predict the company's future.此时很难预料公司的前景。

6 innovator   

n.改革者；创新者

参考例句：

• The young technical innovator didn't lose heart though the new system was not yet brought into a workable condition. 尽管这种新方法尚未达到切实可行的状况，这位青年技术革新者也没有泄气。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Caesar planned vast projects and emerged as a great innovator. 恺撒制定了庞大的革新计划。 来自英汉非文学 - 文明史

7 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

8 emergence   

n.浮现，显现，出现，（植物）突出体

参考例句：

• The last decade saw the emergence of a dynamic economy.最近10年见证了经济增长的姿态。
• Language emerges and develops with the emergence and development of society.语言是随着社会的产生而产生，随着社会的发展而发展的。

9 acorn   

n.橡实，橡子

参考例句：

• The oak is implicit in the acorn.橡树孕育于橡子之中。
• The tree grew from a small acorn.橡树从一粒小橡子生长而来。

10 giggle   

n.痴笑，咯咯地笑；v.咯咯地笑着说

参考例句：

• Both girls began to giggle.两个女孩都咯咯地笑了起来。
• All that giggle and whisper is too much for me.我受不了那些咯咯的笑声和交头接耳的样子。

11 niche   

n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等)

参考例句：

• Madeleine placed it carefully in the rocky niche. 玛德琳小心翼翼地把它放在岩石壁龛里。
• The really talented among women would always make their own niche.妇女中真正有才能的人总是各得其所。

12 steers   

n.阉公牛，肉用公牛( steer的名词复数 )v.驾驶( steer的第三人称单数 )；操纵；控制；引导

参考例句：

• This car steers easily. 这部车子易于驾驶。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Good fodder fleshed the steers up. 优质饲料使菜牛长肉。 来自辞典例句

13 curry   

n.咖哩粉，咖哩饭菜；v.用咖哩粉调味，用马栉梳，制革

参考例句：

• Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.有咖喱的菜配米饭最棒。
• Add a teaspoonful of curry powder.加一茶匙咖喱粉。

14 tabloid   

adj.轰动性的，庸俗的；n.小报，文摘

参考例句：

• He launched into a verbal assault on tabloid journalism.他口头对小报新闻进行了抨击。
• He believes that the tabloid press has behaved disgracefully.他认为小报媒体的行为不太光彩。