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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
简单句
1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。
2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。
3、陈述句:
用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。
▲陈述句的肯定式: He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生)/ I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)
▲陈述句的否定式:
1)谓语动词如果是 be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have a cousin.(他没有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不该再犯类似错误了) / We haven’t discussed the question yet(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢).
2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don’t).如: I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在农村养猪)/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/ We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)
3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。 如:I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹)
have 的否定形式:
① 当表示“有”的意思时,可以采用以下三种形式:have+not;do not+ have; have+ no+ n. 如:I have not enough food to eat.= I do not have enough food to eat. =I have no enough food to eat.
② 当have为助动词时,用“have+ not”结构。如:I have not been toShanghai。
③ 当have既不表示“有”,也不作助动词用时,用“do not+ have”结构。I didn’t have breakfast this morning.
具体到反义疑问句中,则遵循以下原则:
a.当have表示“有”含义时,反意疑部问部分可以用have形式,也可以用do形式。例如:
He has a book in his hand, hasn't he?
He has a book in his hand, doesn't he?
b.当陈述部分的动词是have“有”的否定形式时,反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如:
You haven't a car, have you?
You don't have any money with you, do you?
c.当have不表示“有”含义而表示其他含义时,反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如:
We had a good time in the vacation, didn't we?
He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn't he?
You have to get up early tomorrow, don't you?
[注意]
①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…at all等;All of them went there.→None of them went there.(他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里)
②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了)
③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如:That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板?!)
④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序, 即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。
⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)